汉日假设条件小句的语用功能

The Pragmatic Functions of the Conditional Clauses in Chinese and Japanese

徐秀姿

[摘　要]研究说话人通过某一个发话，在做什么样的行为，是语用学研究的课题。到现在为止对条件句的研究较多的是语义特征的讨论，语用功能的研究并不多。本文通过对检索自中日对译语料库的例句的分析，总结了日语与汉语条件小句的“对言语行为提出假设”“对思维行为提出假设”“对某一说法提出假设”“同时认可前后两个事项”“对前项进行强烈否定”“对前项与后项中的人（组织）给予负面评价”等六种语用功能。这些条件句中说话人并不是就命题的真伪展开讨论，而是对某种说法、某个发话行为的合适性进行假设，是广义范围内的语用元语言现象，是假设条件句所普遍具有的功能。在这些语用功能上，汉语与日语间并没有本质的区别，但在句法上，“对言语行为提出假设”时，汉语中为了避免与非短语结构“的话”重叠，假设助词“的话”通常被省略；“对前项与后项中的人（组织）给予负面评价”时，日语有固定的句式，而中文则需要补充“不愧”等副词或补全述语部分内容。

[关键词]汉语　日语　假设条件句　语用功能

Abstract：It is the task of pragmatics to discuss which act the speaker is doing through a speech act.There are many researches about conditional clauses from semantics features，but rarely from pragmatics.This paper discusses the pragmatic functions of the conditional clauses in Chinese and Japanese，through the analysis of the sentences from CJCSS，this paper summarizes six pragmatic functions，“make an assumption on the speech action”“make an assumption on the thinking action”“make an assumption on a statement”“recognize both P and Q”“deny P strongly”“give a negative judgement to P and Q”.Instead of discussing the true-false of the proposition in these sentences，the speaker makes an assumption on the suitability of the statement or the speech act.It is a broad pragmatic metalinguistic phenomenon，being the universal functions.There is no essential dif ference between Chinese and Japanese except some morphological differences.

Key words：Chinese；Japanese；conditional clause；pragmatic function