建构性参与未来国际海洋秩序的演进:代结语
中国对陆权的重视由来已久,对海权的重视则刚刚开始。能否有效实现海权,取决于多重因素,其中很重要的一个方面则是建构性参与海洋法规则的演进。海洋法规则演进至今,虽然有“宪章”性的《联合国海洋法公约》,但其演进需求并未被完全回应。宏大如涉及“人类共同继承遗产”的海底区域、北极区域的相关规则的执行,细微如低潮高地的法律地位、礁石与岛屿的区分,易产生争议如外大陆架界线、专属经济区内的军事测量活动、争端解决程序等,都需要进一步的澄清与发展。
这些规则如何发展,取决于海权大国对未来国际海洋秩序的预想是什么。此预想的最终结果将受到这样一种张力状态的影响:一方面是坚持海洋自由的旧时海洋大国,另一方面是尊重科学技术进步带来国际海洋空间需求的变化的新兴海洋大国。前者坚持的海洋秩序内容大致如下:假设海洋无限广袤不可分割,要求在全球建立军事基地以保障兵力投送由此确保对航行秩序的主导,要求保留最大公海,要求以技术水平决定可获得的海洋空间与资源。后者应该注意到:其假设不再成立,全球快速打击能力的建设削减了兵力投送的重要性,最大公海以及技术水平决定可获得空间与资源只会形成海洋上的丛林竞争模式,并产生诸如渔业资源耗竭、海洋污染事故、海盗劫掠行为等负公共产品;陆域吹填技术的成熟运用更意味着海洋的有限性已经彻底取代其无限性,甚至可能成为排他物权主张的客体。
据此看,国际海洋秩序或者正处于演进中的关键转折点,即主宰海洋秩序的海洋自由论或者会让步于当日令人匪夷所思的海洋可封闭性理论。中国应注意到,未来的国际海洋秩序或许会遵从陆地秩序的演变:空间边界与权利边界逐渐明晰、共同合作以解决公共空间内的公共问题,以共同但有区别的责任承担公共产品提供等。中国的崛起或复兴,也意味着承担更大国际责任的意愿和能力。在实现经济实力增强所带来的军事实力提升以及承担国际责任能力的提升过程中,南海是一个最为关键的节点。中国能否在本地区实现公共产品提供与经济发展的平衡,将是中国能否真正成为大国、能否建构性参与和主导国际海洋秩序以及国际秩序的前哨。
(本文编辑:龙稳全)
Tackling the South China Sea Situation with a Public Goods Perspective
Zhang Xiangjun
Abstract:Researches on the South China Sea situation have not reached an agreed solution over its nature and contents.When looking back,it’s convincing that the timeline of such a situation is nearly the course of China losing her traditional influence over Asia and the South China Sea as well.The US has been playing a role of public goods supplier in Asia and in the South China Sea for decades,who has been taking the position of China and trying to be an offshore balancing power.Whereas the US has not been an appropriate public goods supplier,but a contributor to the complexities of the problem.With the background of relative power shift between China and the US,disputes over the South China Sea and even with the regime for international seas and oceans will be more complicated.The conclusion is that a higher level of supply of public goods by China,with the existing close economic cooperation between China and other coastal nations,will enhance the cooperation and make cooperation realizable.Consequently,China may find a way to the solution of the problem.
Key Words:Public Goods;South China Sea;International Order
【注释】
[1]本文为作者主持的福建省法学会课题“21世纪海上丝绸之路建设对南海争端的影响”[FLS(2015)D07]阶段性研究成果。
[2]张相君,女,河南兰考人,福州大学法学院副教授,法学博士,福州大学智库“21世纪海上丝绸之路核心区法律研究中心”负责人,主要研究方向为国际公法理论、国际海洋法。
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[98]参见外交部2016年12月2日例行记者会报道,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/fyrbt_673021/jzhsl_673025/t1421110.shtml,下载日期:2018年6月15日。
[99]参见金灿荣:《南海仲裁案后中国面临的压力与应对之道》,载《太平洋学报》2016年第7期。
[100]参见韦宗友:《解读奥巴马政府的南海政策》,载《太平洋学报》2016年第2期。
[101]Charles J.Dunlap,Jr.,Lawfare Today and Tomorrow,International Law and the Changing Character of War,Raul(Pete)Pedrozo&Daria P.Wollschlaeger(ed.),Naval War College Press,2011,p.315.乔良与王湘穗合著的《超限战》于1999年出版时,也提到非军事战争中的种类包括把握先机创立规则的国际法战。参见乔良、王湘穗:《超限战》(15周年纪念版),长江文艺出版社2014年版,第73页。
[102]David Kennedy,Of War and Law,Princeton University Press,2006,p.125.
[103]Kristina Daugirdas&Julian Davis Mortenson,United States Conducts Naval Operation within Twelve Nautical Miles of Spratly Islands in the South China Sea,Prompting Protests from China,American Journal of International Law,Vol.110,2016,p.120.
[104]Joshua L.Root,The Freedom of Navigation Program:Assessing 35 Years of Effort,Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce,Vol.43,2016,pp.321-322.
[105]Raul(Pete)Pedrozo,The US-China Incidents at Sea Agreement:A Recipe for Disaster,Journal of National Security Law&Policy,Vol.6,2012,pp.207-208.
[106]Nadia H.Dahab,Spencer G.Scharff,Lost Opportunity:Why Ratifying the Law of the Sea Treaty Still Has Merit,Arizona Journal of Environmental Law&Policy,Vol.6,2016,pp.585-586.
[107]James Kraska,Putting Your Head in the Tiger’s Mouth:Submarine Espionage in Territorial Waters,Columbia Journal of Transnational Law,Vol.54,2015,p.164.
[108]参见王双:《国际公共产品与中国软实力》,载《世界经济与政治论坛》2011年第4期。
[109]此理论由赫舒拉法提出,经康奈斯以及桑德勒发展。具体可参见吴志成、李金潼:《国际公共产品供给的中国视角与实践》,载《政治学研究》2014年第5期。
[110]Ellen L.Frost,James J.Przystup,and Phillip C.Saunders,China’s Rising Influence in Asia:Implications for US Policy,Strategic Forum,No.231,2008,p.1.
[111]John D.Ciorciari&Jessica Chen Weiss,The Sino-Vietnamese Standoff in the South China Sea,Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,Winter/Spring,2012,p.62.
[112]Stein Tønnesson,The South China Sea Law Trumps Power,Asian Survey,Vol.55,2015,pp.455-456.
[113]Amitai Etzioni,The Devolution of American Power,Fletcher Forum of World Affairs,Vol.37,2013,p.13.