参考文献
1.Abbott CA，Vileikyte L，Williamson S，et al.Multicentre study of the incidence and predictive risk factors for diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration.Diabetes Care，1998，21:1071
2.American Association of Diabetes Educators.AADE position statement:education for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump uses.Diabetes Educ，1997，23:397～398
3.BianchiS，BigazziR，CampeseVM.Microa lbuminuria in essensial hypertension:significance，pathophysiology，and the therapeutic implications.Am J Kidney Dis，1999，34（6）:973～975
4.Bessesen DH.The role of carbohydrates in insulin resistance.J Nutr，2001，131(10）:27852～27865
5.Brink SJ.Diabetic acidosis.Acta Paediatr（Supp1），1999，88:14～24
6.Boland EA，Grey M，Oesterle A，et al.Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion:a new way to lower risk of severe hypoglycemia，improve metobolic control，and enhance coping in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Diabetes Care，1999，22:1779～1784
7.Campbell RK.Glimepiride:role of a new sulfonylurea in the treatment of type 2 diabetesmellitus.Ann Pharmacother，1998，32:1044
8.Chen R，Meseck M，McEvoy RC，et al.Glucose-stimulated and selflimiting insulin production by glucose 6-phosphatase promoter driven insulin expression in hepatoma cells.Gene Ther，2000，7:1802～1809
9.Cunningham FG，Gant NF，Leveno KJ，et al.Diabetes.Williams Obstetrics.21 th ed.北京:科学出版社，2002，1360～1377
10.陈家伦.餐后高血糖（IGT）的重要性及防治.中华内分泌代谢杂志，1998，14:327～329
11.陈名道.脂肪细胞产物与肥胖和代谢综合征.中华内分泌代谢杂志，2003，19:161～163
12.陈劲松，刘玉韶，陈玉驹.白天格列本脉和睡前小剂量NPH联合治疗磺脉类继发失效.中国糖尿病杂志，1999，7:368
13.常宝成，郑少雄.胰岛素增敏剂——罗格列酮在糖尿病中的应用.国外医学内分泌分册，2001，21（1）:34～36
14.DCCT Research Group.The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in IDDM.N Endl J Med，1993，329:977～986
15.Dillon AE，Menard K，Rust P，et al.Glucometer analysis of onehour glucose challenge samples.Am JObstet Gynecol，1997，177:1120～1123
16.Ellis PA，Cairns H S.Renal impairment in elderly patients with hypertension and diabetes.QJM，2001，94:261～265
17.Fujioka K，Seaton T.B.Rowe E，et al.Weight loss with sibutrmine improves glycaemic control and other metabolic parameters in obese patients with type 2 diabetesmellitus.Diabetes，Obesity Metab，2000，2（3）:175～187
18.Fritz T，Rosenqvist.Walking for-immediate effect on blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes.Scand JPrim Health Care，2001，19:31～33
19.Gowri MS，Reaven RM，Nag B.Therpeutic efficacy of CLX-0921 in a rodentmodel of Syndrome X.Diabetes，2000，49（suppl 1）A:428
20.Glaser N，Barnett P，McCaslin I，et al.Risk factors for cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis.N EngIJMed，2001，344:264～269
21.国家“九五”攻关计划糖尿病研究协作组.中国12地区中老年人糖尿病患病率调查.中华内分泌代谢杂志，2002，18:280～284
22.Kelley DE，Bidot P，Freedman Z，et al.Efficacy and safety of acarbose in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Care，1998，21:2056～2061
23.Harris MI，Flegal KM，Cowie CC，et al.Prevalance of diabetes，impaired fasting glucose，and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S.adults.The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988—1994.Diabetes Care，1998，21:519
24.Ha H，Lee HB.Reactive oxygen species as glucose signaling molecules in mesangial cells cultured under high glucose.Kidney Int，2000，58（S77）:S19～S25
25.Hanninen J，Takala J，Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S.Good continuity of caremay improve quality of care life in type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Res Clin Pract，2001，51:21～27
26.Harrower AD.Comparative tolerability of sulphonylurea in diabetes mellitus.Drug saf，2000，22:313～320
27.Hsueh WA，Law RE.Insulin signaling in the arterial wall.Am JCardiol，1999，84:21～24
28.Hansen AMK，Christensen IT，Wahl P.Repaglinide and nateglinide are differentially affected by a single point mutation in SUR1/Kir 6.2 channels.Diabetes，2001，50（supp 2）:A 9
29.Isabelle B，Christine R，Gerard R，Vincent P.Long-term exposure of isolated rat islet of Langerhans to supraphysiologic glucose concentrations decrease insulinmRNA levels.Metabolism，1999，48:319～323
30.Jude EB，Spittle M，Conner H，et al.The diabetic foot 1998.diabetic Med，1999，16:170
31.Jornsay DL.Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion（CSII）therapy during pregnancy.Diabetes Spect，1998，11:26～32
32.Johansen K.Efficacy of metformin in the treatment of NIDDM.meta analysis.Diab Care，1999，22:33～37
33.Kaufman FR，Halvorson M，Miller D，et al.Insulin pump therapy in type 1 pediatric patients:now and into the year 2000.Diabetes Metab Res Rev，1999，15:338～352
34.Lernmark Ake，Alberto Falroni.Immune phenomena and events in the islets in IDDM.In:John Pickup，Gareth Williams eds.Textbook of Diabetes.London:Blackwell Science，1997
35.Litzelman DK，Marriott DJ，Vinicor F.Independent physiological predictors of foot lesions in patients with NIDDM.Diabetes Care，1997，20:1273～1278
36.Lopez-Alvarenga JC，Aguilaz-Salinas CA，Velasco-Perez ML.Acarbose vs.bedtime NPH insulin in the treatment of secondary failures to sulphonylureametformin therapy in type 2 diabetesmellitus.Diabetes Obes Metab，1999，1:29～35
37.Lee HC，Kim SJ，Kim KS，et al.Remission inmodels of type 1 diabetes by gene therapy using a single-chain insulin analogue.Nature，2000，408:483～488
38.Lalej-Bennis D，Boillot J，Bardin C，et al.Efficacy and tolerance of intranasal insulin administered during 4months in severely hyperglycaemic Type 2 diabetic patients with oral drug failure:across-over study.Diabet Med，2001，18:614～618
39.Lewis GF，Uffelman KD，Szeto L，et al.Interaction between free fatty acids and insulin in the
40.李秀钧，钱荣立.胰岛素抵抗及其临床意义.中国糖尿病杂志，1999，7:163～167
41.刘新民.实用内分泌学.第2版.北京:人民军医出版社，1997，269～274
42.刘国良.糖尿病肾病的早期诊断及临床评价.实用糖尿病杂志，1996，4（1）:5～9
43.李继强.糖尿病与肝病.见:许曼音主编.糖尿病学.上海:上海科技出版社，2003
44.McMahon MJ，Ananth CV，Liston RM.Gestational diabetesmellitus.Risk factors，obstetric complications and infant outcomes.JRepro Med，1998，43:372～378
45.Messerli FH，Grossman E.Diabetes，hypertension，and cardirovascular diabetes:an update.Hypertension，2001，38（3）:E11(https://www.daowen.com)
46.Miyazaki Y，Mahankali A，Matsuda M，et al.Effect of pioglitazone on abdominal fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabetes，2000，49（supp 1）:A 299
47.Moses RG，Gomis R，Franden KB，et al.Flexiblemeal-related dosing with repaglinide facilitates glycemic control in therapy-na?ve type 2 diabetes Care，2001，24:11～15
48.孟作龙，李明，韩月香.达美康联合胰岛素治疗磺脲类继发性失效的探讨[J].兰州医学院学报，2000，26（2）:43
49.孟作龙，宁英远.糖尿病管理规范与诊疗进展.兰州：甘肃科学技术出版社，2006
50.Naylor CD，sermer M，Chen E，et al.For the Toronto trihospital gestational diabetes project investigators，selective screening for the gestational diabetesmellitus.Obstet Gynecol Surv，1998，53:267～269
51.Packer M，Coats AJS，Fowler MB，et al.Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure.N Engl JMed，2001，344:1651～1658
52.潘长玉.葡萄糖耐量低减的定义、诊断及流行病学观点.中华内分泌代谢杂志，2001，17:393～394
53.潘长玉，朱禧星，李光伟等.新型口服抗糖尿病药物——瑞格列奈在中国2型糖尿病患者中的疗效及安全性分析.中华内分泌代谢杂志，1999，15:359～362
54.全国糖尿病防治协作组.1994年中国糖尿病患病率及其危险因素.中华内科杂志，1997，36:384～389
55.Rosenstock J，Brown A，Fischer J，et al.Efficacy and safety of acarbose in metformin treated patients with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Care，1998，21:2050～2055
56.Ramsey SD.Newton K，Blough D，et al.Incidence，outcomes and cost of foot ulcers in patientswith diabetes Care，1999，22:382
57.Reynolds LR.Reemergence of insulin pump therapy in the 1990s.South med J，2000，93（12）:1157～1161
58.Renner R，Pfutzner A，Trautmann M，et al.Use of insulin lispro in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion treatment.Results of a multicenter trial.German Humalog-CSIIStudy Group.Diabetes Care，1999，22:784-788
59.冉兴无，李秀钧.餐时血糖调节剂：瑞格列奈.国外医学内分泌分册，2000，20（5）:225～228
60.荣蓉，陈宇红，赵咏桔，等.2型糖尿病磺脲类失效的强化胰岛素治疗：胰岛素有效剂量及相关因素分析.中国糖尿病杂志，2001，9:8～10
61.Seino S，Iwanaga T，Nagashima K，et al.Diverse roles of KATP channels learned from Kir 6.2 genetically engineered mice.Diabetes，2000，49:311～318
62.Schiffrin A.Nighttime continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion revisited:a strategy for improving insulin delivery.Diabetes Care，2000，23:571～573
63.Smigaj D，Roman-Drago NM，Amini SB，et al.The effect of oral terbutaline on maternal glucosemetabolism and energy expenditure in pregnancy.Am JObstet Gynecol，1998，178:1041～1047
64.申世芳，吴北生，刘玉洁，等.口服50克葡萄糖筛查妊娠期糖尿病的研究.中华妇产科杂志，1997，32:104～105
65.沈稚舟，吴松华，邵福源，等.糖尿病慢性并发症.上海:上海医科大学出版社，1999
66.The MHC sequencing consortium.Complete sequence and genemap of a humanmajor histocompatibility complex.Nature，1999，401:921～923
67.Turner RC，Cull CA，Frighi V，et al.Glycemic control with diet，sulfonylurea，metformin，or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:progressive requirement for multiple therapies（UKPDS 49）.UK Prospective Diabetes Study（UKPDS）Group.JAMA，1999，281:2005～2012
68.童南伟，梁荩忠.一种新的长效磺脲类降糖药:格列美脲.中国糖尿病杂志，2000，8（4）:238～239
69.UK prospective diabetes study（UKPDS）group.Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients wilh type 2 diabetes.The Lancet，l998，352:837～865
70.Valensi P，Sachs RN，Harfouche B，et al.Predictive value of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients with or without silent myocardial ischemia.Diabetes Care，2001，24:339～343
71.WHO Ad Hoc Diabetes Reporting Group.Global estimates for prevalence of diabetesmellitus and IGT in adults.Diabetes Care，1997，16:157～177
72.Wagner A，risse A，Brill HL，etal.Therapy of severe diabetic ketoacidosis.Zero-mortality under very-low-dose insulin application.Diabetes Care，1999，22:674～677
73.Watkins PJ，Thomas PK.Diabetes mellitus and the nervous system.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry，1998，65:620～632
74.卫生部疾病控制司，中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国2型糖尿病防治指南.2007年版
75.卫生部疾病控制司，中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国糖尿病防治指南（试行本），2003
76.王克安，李天麟，李新华，等.中国儿童1型糖尿病发病率的研究.中华内分泌代谢杂志，1999，1（15）:3
77.向红丁，吴纬，刘灿群，等.1996年全国糖尿病流行病学特点基线调查报告.中国糖尿病杂志.1998，6:131～133
78.许曼音.糖尿病学.上海:上海科技出版社，2003
79.邵孝珙.现代急诊医学.北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社，1997
80.血脂异常预防专题组.全国血脂异常诊断与治疗专题学术研讨会纪要.中华心血管杂志，1997，25:163～173
81.Yudkin J.S.Abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis in insulin resistance.Diabetes care.1999，22（Suppl 3）:C25～30
82.杨裕国，林东平，盛宏光，等.降脂药物——必降脂对糖代谢的影响.中华内分泌代谢杂志，1998，14（2）:103
83.杨文英，林丽香，齐今吾，等.阿卡波糖和二甲双胍对IGT人群糖尿病预防的效果—：多中心3年前瞻性观察.中华内分泌代谢杂志，2001年，17:131～134
84.Zinman B，Tildesly H，Chiasson J，et al.Insulin Lispro in CSII:results of a double-blind crossover study.Diabetes，1997，46:440～443
85.赵列宾，赵红燕，王凌，等.以血糖跟踪监测及数据处理系统作为糖尿病监测手段调整治疗的临床研究.上海医学，1998，21:8
86.周智广，伍汉文.成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病的诊断与治疗.中华内分泌代谢杂志1998，14:1～2
87.赵佑更，庄留棋.正常妊娠和妊娠期糖尿病代谢变化.中华妇产科杂志，1997，32:248～250
88.赵佑更，唐振华.妊娠期糖尿病的早期诊断和治疗现状.中华实用医学杂志，2000，2:41～44
89.赵佑更.妊娠期糖尿病性巨大儿的研究.中华妇产科杂志，1998，33:249～251
90.张应天.糖尿病与外科学的关系.中国实用外科杂志，1993，13:589～591