结 语

结 语

作为一种平民的活动,喧闹游行在英国存在了几个世纪,在成长中的政府机构未能深入的社区领域,共同体的喧闹游行活动发挥了一定的社会管理作用。然而,至19世纪,英国变化的社会环境带给喧闹游行冲突与挑战,导致喧闹游行逐渐式微。制度层面渐进的改革传导至社会层面,官方的、正式的规则正在取代民众约定俗成的规则,社会日益认可更加规范化、体制化的诉求表达,维护大众正义的喧闹游行活动日益受到批评和管控。工业发展带来的人口流动悄无声息地改变了社会结构,人口流动打破了社区边界,传统的社区共同体难以维持,以社区共同体为基础的喧闹游行日益式微。不过,喧闹游行也展现出了民间传统的强大生命力,在这一时期产生蜕变。打破社区边界虽然破坏了原有的社区共同体,却为新的共同体的形成提供了条件,在变革中,新的共同体也将喧闹游行或喧闹游行元素应用到了工业冲突、商业活动和政治活动中。

就冲突而言,在史料中可以直接发现喧闹游行与官方力量相冲突的证据。随着现代治安制度的发展,警察所代表的官方力量逐渐加强了对喧闹游行的监管,同时,小治安法庭所代表的公权力管理范围与喧闹游行的使用场景有重合,公权力要求驱逐喧闹游行。而在更广泛的意义上,传统的喧闹游行已逐渐不适应19世纪变化的社会环境,喧闹游行在人们思想世界的合理性也日益动摇。

就变革而言,喧闹游行随着社会背景的变化而发生变化。喧闹游行发展到19世纪,“反对家内暴力”成为其主要的使用场景,这一使用场景虽然并未改变“由社区共同体进行”“针对家内领域”两个传统特征,但也是在传统的基础上因时而变,由近代早期维护男性在家内主导地位转变为19世纪的反对家内暴力。同时,这一时期也在进行着更大的变革,工业发展、人口流动增加侵蚀了原有的相对稳定的社区共同体,但也为新的共同体的形成提供了条件,在公共领域,新的共同体也在运用喧闹游行或喧闹游行元素争取权益,在工业斗争、商业反垄断和政治活动中发挥作用。

19世纪英国喧闹游行研究提供了一个考察英国社会转型的窗口。英国社会转型是一个长期的、渐进的过程,对英国人来说,转型不是完全抛弃传统,而是赋予传统新的意义,喧闹游行在19世纪的发展体现了这一点。这一时期英国官方主导的新公共秩序逐渐建立,喧闹游行逐渐失去了“大众司法”功能。但喧闹游行在大众司法领域的退出并没有导致整个活动的消亡,面对新的社会环境,喧闹游行改变了一些原有的特征,在变化和适应的过程中获得了新的意义和新的用途,至19世纪末20世纪初,喧闹游行仍存在于英国社会,并起到了社会润滑剂的作用。尽管20世纪以后,“喧闹游行”这一名称渐渐淡出人们的视野,但这种大众正义与民众参与传统依旧留存在英国人的骨血中,至今影响着英国社会。

【注释】

[1]Andrew Walker,“Rough Music,Community Protest and the Local Press in Nineteenth-Century England,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.13,No.1(March 2018),p.88.

[2]近代早期(early modern),一般指16—18世纪,本文采用这一定义。

[3]Martin Ingram,“Ridings,Rough Music and the‘Reform of Popular Culture’in Early Modern England,”Past&Present,Vol.105,No.1(November 1984),p.81.

[4]“Disgraceful Occurrence”,Essex Standard,Friday 28 October,1836.

[5]例如Joan R.Kent,“‘Folk Justice’and Royal Justice in Early Seventeenth—Century England:A ‘Charivari’in the Midlands,”Midland History,Vol.8 No.1(November 1983),pp.78 80;Martin Ingram,“Ridings,Rough Music and the‘Reform of Popular Culture’in Early Modern England,”Past&Present,Vol.105,No.1(November 1984),p.104.

[6]David Nash,Anne-Marie Kilday,Cultures of Shame:Exploring Crime and Morality in Britain 1600-1900,London:Palgrave Macmillan,2010,p.30.

[7]Philip J.Gooderson,“Aspects of the Decline of English Rough Music and Effigy-Burning and the Transformation of the Fifth of November in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.16,No.2(July 2021),p.97.

[8]参见E.P.Thompson,“《Rough Music》:Le Charivari Anglais,”Annales.Histoire,Sciences Sociales,Vol.27,No.2(April 1972),pp.285 312;E.P.Thompson,“Rough Music Reconsidered,”Folklore,Vol.103,No.1(January 1992),pp.3-26;E.P.汤普森:《共有的习惯:18世纪英国的平民文化》,沈汉、王加丰译,上海:上海人民出版社,2019年。

[9]例如David Rollison,“Property,Ideology and Popular Culture in a Gloucestershire Village 1660-1740,”Past&Present,Vol.93,No.1(November 1981),pp.70 97.

[10]例如Joan R.Kent,“‘Folk Justice’and Royal Justice in Early Seventeenth-Century England:A ‘Charivari’in the Midlands,”Midland History,Vol.8 No.1(November 1983),pp.70-85;Martin Ingram,“Ridings,Rough Music and the‘Reform of Popular Culture’in Early Modern England,”Past&Present,Vol.105,No.1(November 1984),pp.79-113;David Underdown,Revel,Riot and Rebellion:Popular Politics and Culture in England,1603 1660,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1985,p.100;
Carolyn A.Conley,The Unwritten Law:Criminal Justice in Victorian Kent,Oxford:Oxford Univers-ity Press,1991,pp.15-43.

[11]Stephen Banks,Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760-1914:The Courts of Popular Opinion,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2014.

[12]Andrew Walker,“Rough Music,Community Protest and the Local Press in Nineteenth—Century England,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.13,No.1(March 2018),pp.86-104;Philip J.Gooderson,“Aspects of the Decline of English Rough Music and Effigy-Burning and the Transformation of the Fifth of November in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,”International J-ournal of Regional and Local History,Vol.16,No.2(July 2021),pp.94-110.

[13]目前国内对英国喧闹游行的相关研究主要为:陆启宏:《从仪式到抗议:近代西欧的“大声喧闹”》,《复旦学报(社会科学版)》2014年第5期,第28—36页。

[14]“Rough Music”,Bell's New Weekly Messenger,Sunday 07 June,1835.

[15]“Town Hall”,Bell's New Weekly Messenger,Sunday 18 December,1836.

[16]Andrew Walker,“Rough Music,Community Protest and the Local Press in Nineteenth-Century England,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.13,No.1(March 2018),p.91.

[17]“Benham v.Harmer and Another”,Bell's New Weekly Messenger,Sunday 20 December,1840.

[18]“Riding The Stang”,Yorkshire Gazette,Saturday 21 July,1883.

[19]E.P.Thompson,“Rough Music Reconsidered,”Folklore,Vol.103,No.1(January 1992),p.6.

[20]Andrew Walker,“Rough Music,Community Protest and the Local Press in Nineteenth-Century England,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.13,No.1(March 2018),pp.76-77.

[21]例如“Town Hall,Southwark”,Morning Advertiser,Friday 16 December,1836.

[22]例如“A Bettle Royal”,Worcestershire Chronicle,Wednesday 07 June,1848.

[23]例如“Surrey Sessions”,Morning Post,Saturday 07 January,1837.

[24]“Rough Music”,Islington Times,Tuesday 10 November,1874.

[25]“Rough Music”,Bradford Daily Telegraph,Monday 23 September,1878.

[26]“Rough Music at Kelvedon”,Chelmsford Chronicle,Friday 15 May,1891.

[27]“Shocking Mutilation”,Hereford Journal,Wednesday 30 July,1845.

[28]“Ran-Tanning a Faithless Husband”,Lincolnshire Chronicle,Tuesday 07 February,1882.

[29][英]E.P.汤普森:《共有的习惯:18世纪英国的平民文化》,第615页。

[30]E.P.Thompson,“Rough Music Reconsidered,”Folklore,Vol.103,No.1(January 1992),p.14.

[31]“Court of Queen's Bench”,Morning Post,Thursday 17 December 1840.

[32]“Pretty Doings of a Baptist Preacher”,Blackburn Standard,Wednesday 23 December,1840.

[33]“Rough Music at Bookham”,Dorking and Leatherhead Advertiser,Thursday 12 September,1895.

[34]“Cruelty to a Child”,Kentish Gazette,Tuesday 03 February,1857.

[35]“The Rector of Fillingham”,Stamford Mercury,Friday 23 May,1884.

[36]A.James Hammerton,Cruelty and Companionship:Conflict in Nineteenth Century Married Life,Taylor&Francis e-Library,2005,p.16.

[37][英]E.P.汤普森:《共有的习惯:18世纪英国的平民文化》,第614页。

[38]“Disgraceful Occurrence”,Essex Standard,Friday 28 October,1836.

[39]“Petty Session”,Bucks Herald,Saturday 08 November,1856.

[40]“A Rough Music Performance”,Sussex Agricultural Express,Friday 19 December,1890.

[41]Stephen Banks,Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760-1914:The Courts of Popular Opinion,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2014,p.12.

[42]这一观点在多位学者的著述中都有所体现,以汤普森和班克斯为代表,参见E.P.Thompson,“Rough Music Reconsidered,”Folklore,Vol.103,No.1(January 1992),p.15;Stephen Banks,Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760-1914:The Courts of Popular Opinion,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2014,pp.102 106.

[43]Andrew Walker,“Rough Music,Community Protest and the Local Press in Nineteenth-Century England,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.13,No.1(March 2018),p.93.

[44][英]E.P.汤普森:《共有的习惯:18世纪英国的平民文化》,第589页。

[45]Stephen Banks,Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760-1914:The Courts of Popular Opinion,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2014,p.ⅶ.

[46]“Town Hall”,Bell's New Weekly Messenger,Sunday 18 December,1836.

[47]“A Worseries Half”,Northampton Mercury,Saturday 01 September,1849.

[48]“A Rough Music Performance”,Sussex Agricultural Express,Friday 19 December,1890.

[49]Andrew Walker,“Rough Music,Community Protest and the Local Press in Nineteenth-Century England,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.13,No.1(March 2018),p.96.

[50]钟碧莹:《英国警察对聚众活动的治安执法及法律之演进研究》,《经济社会体制比较》2013年第2期,第110—121页。

[51]“Cruelty to a Child”,Kentish Gazette,Tuesday 03 February,1857.

[52]“Fatal Accident”,Maidstone Telegraph,Saturday 07 September,1867.

[53]“Local”,Sheffield Daily Telegraph,Thursday 19 June,1879.

[54]“Mob Law”,South Eastern Gazette,Tuesday 05 July,1864.

[55]Andrew Walker,“Rough Music,Community Protest and the Local Press in Nineteenth-Century England,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.13,No.1(March 2018),p.92.

[56]“Petty Session”,Bucks Herald,Saturday 08 November,1856.

[57]Philip J.Gooderson,“Aspects of the Decline of English Rough Music and Effigy-Burning and the Transformation of the Fifth of November in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.16,No.2(July 2021),p.99.

[58]“Extraordinary Scenes at Rusthall”,Kent&Sussex Courier,Friday 10 February,1882.

[59]John Briggs,Christopher Harrison,Angus McInnes,David Vincent,Crime and Punishment in England:An Introductory History,Taylor&Francis e-Library,2005,p.215.

[60][英]沃克编辑:《牛津法律大辞典》,北京社会与科技发展研究所译,北京:光明日报出版社,1988年,第680页。

[61]“Rough Music at Bookham”,Dorking and Leatherhead Advertiser,Thursday 12 September,1895.

[62]“Union Hall”,Morning Advertiser,Thursday 04 June,1835.

[63]“Country Bench-Reading Division”,Reading Mercury,Saturday 12 May,1849.

[64]“Riding The Stang”,Yorkshire Gazette,Saturday 21 July,1883.

[65]“Union-Hall”,Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser,Thursday 04 June,1835.

[66]“Rough Music”,Bucks Herald,Saturday 06 March,1875.

[67]“Rough Music”,Bradford Daily Telegraph,Monday 23 September,1878.

[68]“A Noisy Wedding”,Morning Post,Tuesday 08 April,1845.

[69]“Petty Session”,Bucks Herald,Saturday 08 November,1856.

[70]“Cruelty to a Child”,Kentish Gazette,Tuesday 03 February,1857.

[71]“The Rector of Fillingham”,Stamford Mercury,Friday 23 May,1884.

[72]“Clerkenwell”,Morning Post,Monday 11 June,1866.

[73]“Riding The Stang”,Yorkshire Gazette,Saturday 21 July,1883.

[74]“Boston Borough Police”,Stamford Mercury,Friday 20 April,1883.

[75]“Assault by a Blind Man”,Bucks Herald,Saturday 05 March,1864.

[76]Stephen Banks,Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760-1914:The Courts of Popular Opinion,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2014,p.77.

[77]David Nash,Anne-Marie Kilday,Cultures of Shame:Exploring Crime and Morality in Britain 1600—1900,London:Palgrave Macmillan,2010,p.42.

[78]David Nash,Anne-Marie Kilday,Cultures of Shame:Exploring Crime and Morality in Britain 1600—1900,London:Palgrave Macmillan,2010,p.10.

[79]Stephen Banks,Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760-1914:The Courts of Popular Opinion,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2014,pp.202-203.

[80]E.P.汤普森:《共有的习惯:18世纪英国的平民文化》,第629页。

[81]Andrew Walker,“Rough Music,Community Protest and the Local Press in Nineteenth-Century England,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.13,No.1(March 2018),pp.86-104.

[82]Philip J.Gooderson,“Aspects of the Decline of English Rough Music and Effigy-Burning and the Transformation of the Fifth of November in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.16,No.2(July 2021),p.100.

[83]Philip J.Gooderson,“Aspects of the Decline of English Rough Music and Effigy-Burning and the Transformation of the Fifth of November in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.16,No.2(July 2021),p.100-103.

[84]David Nash,Anne-Marie Kilday,Cultures of Shame:Exploring Crime and Morality in Britain 1600-1900,London:Palgrave Macmillan,2010,p.185.

[85]“A Sad Story”,Boston Guardian,Saturday 12 March,1881.

[86]“Punishment of Wife-Beaters”,Thanet Advertiser,Saturday 24 July,1875.

[87]“March of Improvement”,Leeds Mercury,Saturday 01 June,1839.

[88]“Stang Riding”,Hull Advertiser,Friday 01 October,1841.

[89]“Riding the Stang”,Sheffield Independent,Saturday 28 June,1851.

[90]Philip J.Gooderson,“Aspects of the Decline of English Rough Music and Effigy-Burning and the Transformation of the Fifth of November in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.16,No.2(July 2021),p.98.

[91]“The Dispute at Denaby Main”,Sheffield Daily Telegraph,Friday 09 April,1869;“Magisterial Proceedings at Doncaster”,Sheffield Daily Telegraph,Saturday 01 May,1869.

[92]“The Unlooked for Ending”,Sheffield Independent,Saturday 01 May,1869.

[93]“Local”,Sheffield Daily Telegraph,Thursday 19 June,1879.

[94]“Rough Music”,Bridgnorth Journal and South Shropshire Advertiser,Saturday 08 October,1892.

[95]Stephen Banks,Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760-1914:The Courts of Popular Opinion,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2014,pp.165-169.

[96]E.P.Thompson,“Rough Music Reconsidered,”Folklore,Vol.103,No.1(January 1992),p.18.

[97]Stephen Banks,Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760-1914:The Courts of Popular Opinion,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2014,p.174.

[98]Christopher Harding,“Popular Justice and the Regulation of Trade:Muckraking,Rough Music,Political Cartoons and the Vilification of Entrepreneurial Heroes,”Law and Humanities,Vol.12,No.2(September 2018),pp.204-228.

[99]“Bank Holidays”,Stamford Mercury,Friday 09 April,1875.

[100]Philip J.Gooderson,“Aspects of the Decline of English Rough Music and Effigy-Burning and the Transformation of the Fifth of November in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,”International Journal of Regional and Local History,Vol.16,No.2(July 2021),pp.94-110.

[101]Stephen Banks,Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760 1914:The Courts of Popular Opinion,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2014,p.176.

[102]Stephen Banks,Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760-1914:The Courts of Popular Opinion,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2014,p.180.

[103]E.P.Thompson,“Rough Music Reconsidered,”Folklore,Vol.103,No.1(January 1992),p.17.