小学英语语用知识与教学
语用知识指在特定语境中准确理解他人和得体表达自己的知识。 掌握一定的语用知识有助于学生根据交际目的、交际场合的正式程度、参与人的身份和角色,选择正式或非正式、直接或者委婉、口头或者书面语等语言形式。 即使在小学课堂中的语言交流,也有一定的社会性,需要学生选择合适的语言,合理地表达。
根据《义务教育英语课程标准(2011 年版)》,小学生在完成小学阶段的英语学习后应达到国家的语言二级标准,其中小学生应该掌握的语用知识包括能理解和运用以下功能的语言表达方式:
1.社会交往
(1)问候。
•Hello!
•How are you?
•Good morning/afternoon/evening!
•Nice to meet you!
•How is it going?
•How are you doing?
(2)介绍。
•My name is…
•Let me introduce myself.
•I’m from…
•I’m… years old.
•I go to… Primary School.
•In my family, there are… people.
•My family live in Chengdu.
•I like drawing/singing.
•My favorite animal is a dog.
•This is my brother, Mike.
•I’d like to introduce my little brother to you.
•I’d like you to meet my new friend, Sally.
(3)告别。
•Bye!
•Goodbye!
•See you later!
•See you soon.
•It’s time to say goodbye.
•I have to go now.
•I’ll catch you later.
•I’ll phone you.
•Take care.
•Thank you for a nice day.
•Thank you for a wonderful time.
•Hope to see you soon.
•Hope to see you again.
(4)请求。
•May I come in?
•Can I have two cakes?
•Shall we play football together?
•Could you do me a favor?
•Can you help me?
•Could you please pass the book to Mary?
•Could you please move to the left seat?
•Please don’t eat in classroom.
•Let’s close our books, shall we?
(5)接受请求。
•Of course, I can.
•Yes, of course.
•Sure, what can I do for you?
•Certainly, I can do that for you.
•No problem.
(6)谢绝请求。
•I’m sorry that I can’t help you with that.
•Sorry that I have to go.
•Sorry I can’t be helpful.
(7)提供帮助。
•May/Can I help you?
•What can I do for you?
•How can I help you?
•I can help you.
•Let me help you.
•Let me get that for you.
•Do you want me to give you a hand?
•Are you okay?
(8)邀请。
•Would you come to my party?
•Would you like to come along?
•Will you join us for dinner?
•Why don’t you come with us?
•What about a cup of tea?
•Do you want to have a look?
(9)接受邀请。
•With pleasure.
•I’d love to, thank you.
•Sure, I’d love to.
•Yes, I would. Thank you for asking me.
(10)谢绝邀请。
•I’m sorry I can’t come with you today.
•I’m afraid I can’t go swimming this time.
•I’d like to, but I have to get back home at 5 o’clock.
•I’d love to, but I must go to catch the bus.
(11)致谢。
•Thank you. /Thanks. /Thanks a lot.
•It’s very kind of you (to help me).
•I really can’t thank you enough.
•Thank you for doing this.
•Many thanks for your help/kindness.
(12)道歉。
•I’m sorry.
•I’m terribly sorry.
•I’m sorry for troubling you.
•I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting.
•Sorry about that.
•I apologize.
•Excuse me. /Pardon me.
•I’m sorry to hear that…
•Please forgive me.
•Can you please forgive me?
•Sorry, it’s my fault.
(13)祝愿。
•Best wishes to you!
•All the best to you!
•I wish you have all the happiness in the world!
•We hope you will have a great time!
•Good luck!
•I hope things work out for you.
•Have a good day.
(14)祝贺。
•Congratulations!
•That’s great news!
•What exciting/wonderful news!
•We are so excited to hear that…
•You are the best!
•Well done!
•That’s amazing!
•That’s fantastic!
•I’m so happy for you!
(15)建议。
•What about visiting Mike tomorrow?
•How about buying some apples?
•How about playing tennis?
•Why don’t you take the bus?
•Try using a different tool.
•You should try phoning him later.
•Any other suggestions?
•Could I offer a suggestion?
•I suggest that we should go now.
•I think we should do it now.
•It might be a good idea to go hiking.
•Let’s go shopping.
2.表达态度与意愿
(1)同意。
•I agree (with you).
•I couldn’t agree with you more.
•I feel the same way.
•That’s a good point.
•I guess so.
•I know. /I see.
•I think so.
•You’re right.
•That’s right. /That’s true.
•Yes, that’s a great idea!
(2)不同意。
•I disagree.
•I don’t agree.
•I don’t think so.
•I guess not.
•Maybe not.
(3)喜欢。
•It’s very nice.
•I really like/love animals.
•Yes, I like it very much.
•Yes, I do.
•That’s my favorite.
(4)不喜欢。
•I don’t like it.
•I don’t really enjoy it.
•No, I don’t.
•This is not my cup of tea.
•This is not my type.
(5)肯定。
•Sure.
•I think so.
(6)不肯定。
•I am not sure.
•I don’t think so.
(7)可能。
•It’s likely that he will come.
•It’s possible that I will get the opportunity.
•It’s possible.
•I may go.
•She might say yes.
(8)不可能。
•It’s impossible.
•It’s not likely that he will come.
•It’s not possible that you will fail your exam.
•It’s not likely.
•It’s not possible.
(9)偏爱与优先选择。
•What’s your favorite…?
•My favorite book is The Little Prince.
(10)意愿和打算。
•What are you going to do after school?
•What is he/she going to do?
•What do you want to say?
•What does he/she want to talk about?
•Where do you want to go?
•Where does she/he want to go?
•I’m/We’re going to watch TV.
•He/she is going to the park.
•I want to go to the library.
•He/She wants to watch a movie.
3.情感表达
(1)高兴。
•I’m very happy.
•I feel so happy.
•Great!
•Wow!
(2)伤心。
•I am so sad.
•I feel sad.
•I am not happy.
(3)激动。
•I am very excited.
•It’s very exciting.
•I can’t believe it.
(4)满意。
•I am satisfied.
•I am very happy with that.
•That’s nice.
•Well done!
•That’s great!
(5)遗憾。
•What a pity!
•What a shame!
•It’s a pity.
•It’s a shame.
•It’s a shame that you can’t make it.
•I’m sorry to hear that.
•I’m afraid it’s not so good.