六、致谢

六、致谢

本文从2016年秋季保罗·埃格特(Paul Eggert)和史蒂文·琼斯(Steven Jones)在芝加哥洛约拉大学举办的即时历史研讨会上的对话中获益匪浅。参加研讨会的受访者包括伊恩·科尼利厄斯(Ian Cornelius)、莉迪亚·克雷格(Lydia Craig)、凯西·杰根森(Casey Jergenson)和贾斯汀·黑斯廷斯(Justin Hastings)。这一论点也受到与安德鲁·戈德斯通和埃莉诺·库拉曼奇(Eleanor Courtemanche)的对话的影响,《数字人文季刊》的编辑也对其进行了改进。

【注释】

[1]本文原载于《数字人文季刊》2017年第2期。该刊物采用电子出版,是数字人文研究领域重要的学术刊物之一。文章来源:http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/11/2/000317/000317.html。

[2]泰德·安德伍德,美国伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校英语和信息科学教授。王瑞娟,复旦大学国家文化创新研究中心副研究员,复旦大学新闻学院博士研究生。

[3]Schultz,Kathryn,“What Is Distant Reading?”,The New York Times,June 24,2011,retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/26/books/review/the-mechanic-muse-what-is-distantreading.html.

[4]Earhart,Amy,Traces of the Old,Uses of the New:The Emergence of Digital Literary Studies,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2015,retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/etlc.13455322.0001.001.

[5]Mendenhall,T.C.,“The Characteristic Curves of Composition”,Science,1887(214),pp.237-246;Sherman,L.A.,Analytics of Literature:A Manual for the Objective Study of English Prose and Poetry,Boston:Ginn,1893.

[6]Kaplan,Frédéric,“A Map for Big Data Research in Digital Humanities”,Frontiers in Digital Humanities,2015,2(1),pp.1- 7.

[7]English,James F.,“Everywhere and Nowhere:The Sociology of Literature after‘the Sociology of Literature’”,New Literary History,2010,41(2),pp.v-xxiii.

[8]Moretti,Franco,“Conjectures on World Literature”,New Left Review,2000(1),retrieved from https://newleftreview.org/II/1/franco-moretti-conjectures-on-world-literature.

[9]Williams,Raymond,The Long Revolution,New York:Penguin,1961,p.66.

[10]Darnton,Robert,“What is the History of Books?”,Daedalus,1982,111(3),pp.65-83.

[11]Radway,Janice,Reading the Romance:Women,Patriarchy,and Popular Literature,Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1984.

[12]Radway,Janice,Reading the Romance:Women,Patriarchy,and Popular Literature,Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1984,p.67.

[13]DeWitt,Anne,“Advances in the Visualization of Data:The Network of Genre in the Victorian Periodical Press”,Victorian Periodicals Review,2015,48(2),pp.161-182;Algee-Hewitt,Mark,&Mark McGurl,“Between Canon and Corpus:Six Perspectives on Twentieth-Century Novels”,2015,retrieved from http://litlab.stanford.edu/Literary LabPamphlet8.

[14]Ibid.,pp.11-13.

[15]Radway,Janice,Reading the Romance:Women,Patriarchy,and Popular Literature,Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1984,pp.122-132.

[16]Simmons,Joseph P.,Leif D.Nelson,&Uri Simonsohn,“False-Positive Psychology:Undisclosed Flexibility in Data Collection and Analysis Allows Presenting Anything as Significant”,Psychological Science,2011,22(11),pp.1359-1366.

[17]English,James F.,“Everywhere and Nowhere:The Sociology of Literature after‘the Sociology of Literature’”,New Literary History,2010,41(2),pp.xiii-xiv.

[18]Moretti,Franco,“The Slaughterhouse of Literature”,Modern Language Quarterly,2000,61(1),pp.207-227.

[19]Ibid.,p.213.

[20]Ullman,Jeffrey D.“Experiments as Research Validation—Have We Gone Too Far?”July 9,2013,retrieved from http://infolab.stanford.edu/~ullman/pub/experiments.pdf.

[21]Cleland,Carol E.,“Historical Science,Experimental Science,and the Scientific Method”,Geology,2001,29(11),pp.987-990.

[22]Cohen,Margaret,The Sentimental Education of the Novel,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1999,p.23.

[23]Bode,Katherine,Reading by Numbers:Calibrating the Literary Field,London:Anthem,2014,pp.20-21.

[24]Rosen,Jeremy,“Combining Close and Distant,or the Utility of Genre Analysis:A Response to Matthew Wilkens's‘Contemporary Fiction by the Numbers’”,Post 45,December 3,2011,retrieved from http://post45.research.yale.edu/2011/12/combining-close-and-distant-or-the-utility-of-genre-analysis-aresponse-to-matthew-wilkenss-contemporary-fiction-by-the-numbers/.

[25]Bode,Katherine,“The Equivalence of‘Close’and‘Distant’Reading;Or,Towards a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History”,Draft,retrieved from https://katherinebode.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/equivalence1.pdf p17.

[26]Moretti,Franco,“The Slaughterhouse of Literature”,Modern Language Quarterly,2000,61(1),pp.207- 227.

[27]Freedman,Jonathan.,“After Close Reading”,The New Rambler,April 13,2015,retrieved from http://newramblerreview.com/book-reviews/literary-studies/after-close-reading.

[28]Heuser,Ryan&Long Le-Khac.,“A Quantitative Literary History of 2,958 Nineteenth-Century British Novels:The Semantic Cohort Method”,Stanford Literary Lab,2012,retrieved from http://litlab.stanford.edu/Literary LabPamphlet4.

[29]Wilkens,“The Geographic Imagination of Civil War-Era American Fiction”,American Literary History,2013,25(4),pp.803-840;Klein,Lauren.,“The Image of Absence:Archival Silence,Data Visualization,and James Hemings”,American Literature,2013,85(4),pp.661-688;Cordell,Ryan.,“Reprinting,Circulation,and the Network Author in Antebellum Newspapers”,American Literary History,2015,27(3),pp.417-445;Jockers,Matthew,and Gabi Kirilloff.,“Gender and Character Agency in the 19th Century Novel”,Cultural Analytics,2016,retrieved from http://culturalanalytics.org/2016/12/understanding-gender-and-character-agency-in-the-19th-century-novel/.

[30]Underwood,Ted,&Jordan Sellers.,“The Emergence of Literary Diction”,Journal of Digital Humanities,2012,1(2),retireved from http://journalofdigitalhumanities.org/1-2/the-emergence-ofliterary-diction-by-ted-underwood-and-jordan-sellers/.

[31]Golumbia,David.,“Death of a Discipline”,Differences,2014,25(1),pp.156-176.

[32]Jones,Steven E.,The Emergence of the Digital Humanities,New York:Routledge,2014,pp.31 32.

[33]Piper,Andrew,“There Will Be Numbers”,Cultural Analytics,2016,retrieved from http://culturalanalytics.org/2016/05/there-will-be-numbers/

[34]Long,Hoyt,&So,Richard Jean,“Literary Pattern Recognition”,Critical Inquiry,2016,42(2),pp.235267.

[35]Fish,Stanley.,“What is Stylistics and Why are They Saying Such Terrible Things About It”,in Aesthetics,ed .,What is Seymour Chatman,New York:Columbia University Press,1973,pp.109-152.

[36]Olsen,Mark.,“Signs,Symbols,and Discourses:A New Direction for Computer-Aided Literary Studies”,Computers and the Humanities,1993/1994,27(5/6),pp.309-314.

[37]Olsen,Mark.,“Signs,Symbols,and Discourses:A New Direction for Computer-Aided Literary Studies”,Computers and the Humanities,1993/1994,27(5/6),pp.309-314.

[38]Underwood,Ted,“Productivism and the Vogue for‘Energy’in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain”,Studies in Romanticism,1995,34(1),pp.103- 125.

[39]Radway,Janice,Reading the Romance:Women,Patriarchy,and Popular Literature,Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1984;Brunet,Etienne,“L'exploitation des grands corpus:Le bestiaire de la littérature française”,Literary and Linguistic Computing,1989,4(2),pp.121-134.

[40]即使在这里,我也在简化修辞效果。在现实中,许多作家已经发展出非正式的方式来强调他们研究的实验性质。曾在斯坦福大学文学实验室工作过的学者们往往特别善于强调他们收集的证据不能支持他们最初假设的时刻。如果我认为抵制确认偏差是人文学科实验方法的重点是正确的,那么这种叙事手段可能和社会科学中发展起来的更正式的模板(结果)一样有效。自由共享代码和数据是揭示文学研究学科习惯往往隐藏的实验基础设施的另一种方式。

[41]Clement,Tanya,“Where is Methodology in Digital Humanities”,in Matthew K.Gold&Lauren F.Klein eds.,Debates in the Digital Humanities 2016,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,2016,pp.153-175.

[42]Goldstone,Andrew,“Distant Reading:More Work to be Done”,August 8,2015,retrieved from https://andrewgoldstone.com/blog/2015/08/08/distant/.

[43]Burke,Timothy,“The Humane Digital”,in Matthew K.Gold&Lauren F.Klein eds.,Debates in the Digital Humanities 2016,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,2016,pp.514-518.

[44]Tenen,Dennis,“Blunt Instrumentalism:On Tools and Methods”,in Matthew K.Gold and Lauren F.Klein eds.,Debates in the Digital Humanities 2016,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,2016,pp.83-91;Goldstone,Andrew,“Teaching Quantitative Methods:What Makes It Hard”,forthcoming in Matthew K.Gold&Lauren F.Klein eds.,Debates in the Digital Humanities 2018,Retrieved from https://andrewgoldstone.com/teaching-litdata.pdf.