4 结论与建议
通过对深圳市罗湖区已开展的城市更新项目的实施情况,本文得到以下主要发现和建议。
(1)更新用地的产权结构复杂程度是决定城市更新项目能否顺利实施的关键因素。
更新地块的产权复杂程度与所涉及的利益主体的数量将直接影响城市更新项目推进效率。已有居住类的城市更新项目,因为涉及多个业主、租户的权益转移,导致更新项目从土地使用权获取、项目开发、建筑物更新等多个环节的冲突频发。冲突处理的过程延长了投资资金的回报周期,增加了开发商实施的风险,降低了开发商实施的意愿。相对的,用地属性简单且产权单一的工业用地便成为房地产开发市场的首选,成功实施的比率也较高。政府部门在拟定城市更新项目计划时,做好更新地块的确权工作是减少不必要的经济支出,提高实施效率的关键。
(2)适宜的开发主体能有效地促进城市更新项目的成功实施。
大型开发企业更能够推动城市更新项目的实施。根据上述对企业规模大小与项目实施顺利程度分析结果可以发现:第一,大型开发企业因自身资金雄厚和丰富的开发运营经验,应对更新前期的不确定冲突和融资风险的能力强;第二,大规模的企业信誉度较高,更易获得各利益主体之间的认可,并能够稳定地促进实施过程中的权益转移与谈判;第三,其内部的规范管理机制与操作流程也是促进项目成功实施的有利条件。城市更新项目一般会经历征地、搬迁、拆除、重建等多个过程,持续时间长、投资大,在确定更新项目的开发主体时有必要加强对开发商特别是小型企业的资金来源进行审查,确保开发商用于更新项目的资金的稳定性,避免更新项目由于资金链断裂而出现烂尾现象。
(3)地块规模较小更有利于更新实施,但是要处理好与片区发展的关系。
与大规模地块相比,小规模更新地块因其资金准入门槛较低、土地征收难度较小、涉及利益主体关系简单等原因,更容易推进。深圳的经验表明,对城市更新项目规模进行阶梯式划定,强化实施成功率更高的小规模更新单元划分以及细致的空间功能规划,适当控制大规模更新项目的比例,更有利于促进城市更新项目的实施。但是也必须注意到,基于小地块划分更新单元的分散更新模式容易造成注重局部开发利益,破坏片区整体可持续发展的潜在风险。因此,小规模更新项目在实施前更需要从多个角度充分论证项目方案对片区发展的影响。
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[作者简介]
刘贵文,重庆大学建设管理与房地产学院教授、院长,博士研究生导师。
何海洋,重庆大学建设管理与房地产学院硕士研究生。
易志勇,重庆大学建设管理与房地产学院博士研究生。
魏骊臻,重庆大学建设管理与房地产学院博士研究生。