五、结 语
通过对美国餐馆监管的历史发展及相关制度的分析，我们可以得知，美国餐馆监管制度经历了较长的时间才逐渐建立起来，其制度的核心也并非以制裁为核心，而是非常重视监管的过程，并给予经营者纠正违法行为的机会。时至今日，这些监管制度在实施过程中依然存在着缺陷，美国的各级餐馆监管机关仍在采取措施完善各项制度，如美国联邦食品和药品监管局每隔四年修改《食品法典》，这些修改就是根据实际发展情况来完善监管。因此，制度的构建不是一蹴而就的，而是在实施过程中逐步完善并结合时代特征不断进行改进的。
Abstract:American restaurant regulatory system has experienced a history of development.Due to the federal system,the legal system of American restaurant regulation has formed three levels,named federal level,state level and local level.Federal and state health agencies mainly make laws and regulations.Local government health supervision agencies,as front-line law enforcement agencies,have become the cornerstone and play an indispensable role in supervising food safety in restaurants.Although the Food Code has no mandatory legal effection,it has gradually become a unified law enforcement standard after being adopted by the laws of each state.Under the exemplary role of the Code and the autonomy of the state and local governments,a relatively complete set of regulatory system has been formed,such as restaurant licenses,menu labels,supervision and inspection,inspection information disclosure,and punishment.The formation and construction of the whole system has great reference significance for the restaurants regulatory system in China.China's regulatory authorities need to draw on relevant content in the construction of the overall system,the implementation of specific norms,and improve the restaurant regulatory system by Chinese enforcement practice.
Keywords:United States of America;Restaurant;Regulatory System;Supervision and Inspection;Information Disclosure
（特约编辑：叶敏婷）
【注释】
[1]林沈节，上海商学院文法学院讲师，法学博士。本文系作者主持的国家社会科学基金项目“行政法视野中的风险警示研究”（课题编号15&CF019）的成果。
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[5]Fuchs，A.W.，The U.S.Public Health Service Restaurant Sanitation Program，Am J Public Health Nations Health.1942 Aug；32（8）：848-852.
[6]David T.Denney，“What You Say is What They Get：A Truth-in-Menu and Menu Labeling Laws Primer，”in Restaurant Startup&Growth，October 2009，pp.24-31.
[7]Stepheb Barth，David K.Hayes，Jack D.Ninemeier，Restaurant Law Basics：Wiley Restaurant Basics Series，John Wiley&Sons，Inc.pp.275-280.
[8]Lionel Thomas Jr，Juline E.Mills.Consumer Knowledge and Expectations of Restaurant Menus and Their Governing Legislation：a Qualitative Assessment，Journal of Foodservice 2006（17）17：6-22.
[9]932 F.Supp.13（1996）.参见Public Citizen，Inc.v.Shalala，https：//www.leagle.com/decision/1996945932fsupp131942，最后访问日期：2018年10月13日。
[10]Food and Drug Administration，Food Labeling；Nutrition Labeling of Standard Menu Items in Restaurants and Similar Retail Food Establishments；https：//www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/12/30/2016-31597/food-labeling-nutrition-labeling-of-standard-menu-items-inrestaurants-and-similar-retail-food，最后访问日期：2018年10月12日。
[11]U.S.Food&Drug Administration，National Retail Food Team，Adoption of the FDA Food Code，State and Territorial Agencies Responsible for the Oversight of Restaurants and Retail Food Stores.
[12]笔者查阅最新资料显示，威斯康星州的餐饮和零售监管职责已经发生变化。根据法律规定，餐饮监管和零售食品监管授权给农业、贸易和消费者保护，该州卫生服务部保留食品小摊贩的监管。但是，在地方政府层面，餐馆和零售食品的监管依然是卫生部门负责，其被称为代理人。
[13]Division of Public Health Services＞Food Protection＞https：//www.dhhs.nh.gov/dphs/fp/inspection.htm，最后访问日期：2018年10月12日。
[14]Owen H.Seiver，Thomas H.Hatfield，Grading Systems for Retail Food Facilities：A Risk-based Analysis，Journal of Environmental Health，2000，Vol.63 Issue 3，pp.22-27；Paul B.Allwood，Petrona Lee，and Pamela Borden-Glass，The Vital Role of Restaurant Health Inspections，Journal of Environmental Health，1999，vol.61 Issue 9，pp.25-28.
[15]美国国家标准协会公布的餐馆服务人员资格证项目名录：https：//www.ansi.org/accreditation/credentialing/certificate-issuers/food-handler-certificates/，最后访问日期：2018年10月5日。
[16]关于各州对餐饮服务经理资格证要求：https：//www.servsafe.com/ss/regulatory/default.aspx？aliaspath=/Special-%20Pages/ssredirect，最后访问日期：2018年10月09日。
[17]Hailu Kassa，Gary S.Silverman，and Karim Baroudi，Effect of a Manager Training and Certification Program on Food Safety and Hygiene in Food Service Operations，Environmental Health Insights 2010（4），pp.13-20.
[18]932 F.Supp.13（1996）.参见Public Citizen，Inc.v.Shalala，https：//www.leagle.com/decision/1996945932fsupp131942，最后访问日期：2018年10月13日。
[19]21CFR101.10.
[20]John R.Goodwin，Jolie R.Gaston，Hotel and Hospitality Law Principles and Cases（5th Ed.），Gorsuch Scarisbrick Pub.(https://www.daowen.com)
[21]Brent Bernell，The history and impact of the New York City menu labeling law.Food and Drug Law J.201065（4），pp.839-872.
[22]参见New York State Restaurant Association v.New York City Board of Health，https：//caselaw.findlaw.com/us-2nd-circuit/1189180.html，最后访问日期：2018年10月13日。
[23]Michelle I.Banker，I Saw the Sign：The New Federal Menu-Labeling Law and Lessons From Local Experience，Food&Drug Law.J.2010，65（4），p.901，pp.915-916.
[24]Food Service Establishments and the Inspection Cycle，https：//www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/rii/inspection-cycle-overview.pdf，最后访问日期：2018年10月10日。
[25]Food Safety Inspection Information，https：//denvergov.org/restaurantinspections，最后访问日期：2018年10月10日。
[26]Inspection Reports Database，http：//healthspace.com/Clients/West Virginia/Monongalia County/Web.nsf/home.xsp，最后访问日期：2018年10月10日。
[27]U.S.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service？Food and Drug Administration，Food Coda 2017，Preface ii.
[28]U.S.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service？Food and Drug Administration，Food Coda 2017，p.5，p.26，pp.222-223.《食品法典》中的这些条款以标注“p”或者“pf”的形式展示。
[29]U.S.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service？Food and Drug Administration，Food Coda 2017，pp.222-223.
[30]Omri Ben-Shahar，Carl E.Schneider，The Failure of Mandated Disclosure，University of Pennsylvania Law Review，2011，Vol.259，pp.743-748.
[31]Jin，Ginger Zhe，Leslie，Philip，The Effect of Information on Product Quality：Evidence from Restaurant Hygiene Grade Cards，the Quarterly Journal of Economics，2003，118（2），pp.409-451.
[32]93 Percent of Restaurants Earn an“A”Letter Grade as Sanitary Violations，Salmonella Cases Plummet，https：//www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2017/pr031-17.page，最后访问日期：2018年10月12日。
[33]A.Blake Waters，James vanderslice，Royal de Legge，Lynne durrant，Impact of Internet Posting of Restaurant Inspection Scores on Critical Violations，Journal of Environmental Health，2013 June，Volume 75·Number 10.
[34]Grant Pardee，I Don't Trust Restaurant Letter Grades，https：//munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/wn7mbb/i-dont-trust-restaurant-letter-grades，最后访问日期：2018年10月12日。
[35]Ji-Eun Lee，Douglas C.Nelson，Barbara A.Almanza，The impact of individual health inspectors on the results of restaurant sanitation inspections：empirical evidence，Journal of Hospitality Marketing& Management，2010，Vol.19 No.4，pp.326-339.
[36]Ji-Eun Lee，Douglas C.Nelson，Barbara A.Almanza，Health Inspection Reports as Predictors of Specific Training Needs，International Journal of Hospitality Management，2012，Vol.31，No.2，pp.522-528.
[37]93 Percent of Restaurants Earn an“A”Letter Grade as Sanitary Violations，Salmonella Cases Plummet，https：//www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2017/pr031-17.page，
最后访问日期：2018年10月12日。
[38]苏苗罕：《美国联邦政府监管中的行政罚款制度研究》，《环球法律评论》2012年第3期。
[39]food code（2017），pp.233-251.
[40]CALIFORNIA RETAIL FOOD CODE，https：//www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DFDCS/CDPH%20Document%20Library/FDB/FoodSafetyProgram/Retail Food/CRFC.pdf，最后访问日期：2018年10月13日。
[41]Columbus Public Health Food Protection Program：Enforcement Procedures，https：//www.columbus.gov/uploaded Files/Columbus/Departments/Public_Health/All_Programs/Food_Protection/DMS_Documents/EnforcementProcedures.pdf.
[42]Civil Penalties and Enforcement Actions，https：//www.denvergov.org/content/denvergov/en/environmental-health/public-health-inspections/food-safety-section.html，最后访问日期：2018年10月14日。
[43]第一次检查，不罚款。第二次检查，重复严重的违规行为的罚款250美元，每次检查最高罚款总额为500美元。第三次检查，（12个月内）重复严重的违规行为的罚款500美元，每次检查最高罚款总额为1000美元。有即刻发生的健康危险、拒绝检查或者不遵守命令的，关闭餐馆并罚款2000美元。Denver Public Health &Environment Public Health Inspections Division Fine Schedule for Food Establishments https：//www.denvergov.org/content/dam/denvergov/Portals/771/documents/PHI/Food/Food%20Fine%20Schedule.pdf.
[44]Steve Raabe，Denver restaurant safety violations plunge as inspection fines rise，https：//www.denverpost.com/2012/08/21/denver-restaurant-safety-violations-plunge-asinspection-fines-rise/，最后访问日期：2018年10月16日。