BODIES-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AND LANGUAGE EVOLUT...
According to Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis，the critical power of human intelligence development lies in the strategic interaction with other individuals，and the advanced cognitive processes of primates are primarily adaptations to the special complexities of their social lives.7Now the hypothesis has gained more evidence to support itself，for example，T.Jellema（2000）found that STSa，an interactive cell to the environments，is located in the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus of the temporal lobe in the macaque monkey.8The cell population responds selectively to faces，eye gaze，and body posture，and the subsets of these cells code for the direction of attention of others.More studies also found that in monkeys and humans，the STS region is activated by movements of the eyes，mouth，hands and body，suggesting that it is involved in analysis of biological motion.It is also activated by static images of the face and body，suggesting that it is sensitive to implied motion and more generally to stimuli that signal the actions of another individual.
Based on the hypothesis and relative findings，it is easy to understand why the hippocampus is much larger in London cab drivers than in other people，an very interesting research by Maguire in 2000.9 Since 1865，the London cab drivers've had to memorise the location of every street within six miles of Charing Cross—all 25，000 of the capital's arteries，veins and capillaries，the locations of 20,000 landmarks—museums，police stations，theatres，clubs，and more—and 320 routes.It will take two to four years to learn everything.In fact，this seahorse-shaped area lies in the core of the brain，and linked it to memory and spatial awareness.The drivers that store a lot of names of places tend to have a bigger hippocampus than those without the need to remember any.Figure 8 shows the world first semantic map in human brian which is based on WordNet of 1705 Categories fit into the cortex with objects and actions.10 With the continuous interacting and adapting between individuals and environment，we guess the semantic map will change too，and there will be some new connection and change from the wordnet（see Figure 9）.
Figure 8 the WordNet Tree
Figure 9 Possible new connection from the WordNet
Can affordane theory authentically describe the process of language evolution，since enviroment plays such an influencing role in the evolution process？Gibson explains affordance by presenting an interesting example：a track in a forest affords walking，a knee-high surface above the ground affords sitting，a surface of water affords swimming，etc.Men can also modify the surfaces by cutting，cleaning，paving，etc.so as to change the affordances（Gibson 1986）.Van Lier（2000，2004）defends that‘from an ecological perspective，the learner is immersed in an environment full of potential meanings.These meanings are available gradually as the learner acts within and with the environment.That is very insightful views indeed；however they just stop at this interpretation and focus on the environment only without any illustration of how our body reacts to environment.So here we turn to another theory for the answer：Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological theory.
After recognizing that the individual was overlooked in other theories of human development，which were largely focused on the environment of development，Bronfenbrenner developed the bioecological theory of a theoretical model of individual-environment interactions in human development.Four ecological systems are described in which to understand individuals's development.They are microsystem，mesosystem，exosystem，and macrosystem（see figure 9）.11 Bronfenbrenner suggested that individuals constantly interact with these systems.He also stated that both individuals and their environments constantly affect one another.So here again comes our focus in this study：how individuals develop biologically，socially and linguistically by interacting with environments with their senses of organ（see figure 10）？12
Figure 10 Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems
Figure 11 Social Ecology Model of Communication and Behavior