Zhang Jingyue's Academic Innovation and...
Hong Zhen
There was mianzhu County，Sichuan province，settled in Kuaijicheng East（today's Shaoxing，Zhejiang）.Because his father was a marquis in dingxi，Zhang Jingyue lived in Hou Fu in Beijing when he was young，so he got to know many different scholars."Since the six Sutras and hundreds of other schools of thought，there are no mirrors"（Preface to Ye Bingjing），and he also worshipped the famous doctor Jin Ying as his teacher.In his prime，Zhang Jingyue traveled extensively and returned to Shaoxing at the late age to practice medicine.He has successively published such works as The Classic of Kinesiology，the Classic of Kinesiology with Its Wings，the Classic of Kinesiology with its wings，the Classic of Kinesiology with its diagrams，doubting Records，and Jingyue Quanshu
Zhang Jiebin，a famous medical scholar from Shaoxing in Ming Dynasty，styled Himself Jingyue and wrote in Chinese characters.Born in the forty-second year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty（1563），died about chongzhen reign in the Ming Dynasty.Zhang Jingyue，whose ancestral home was mianzhu County，Sichuan province，settled in Kuaiji cheng East（today's Shaoxing，Zhejiang）.Because his father was a marquis in dingxi，Zhang Jingyue lived in Hou Fu in Beijing when he was young，so he got to know many different scholars."Since the six Sutras and hundreds of other schools of thought，there are no mirrors"（Preface to Ye Bingjing），and he also worshipped the famous doctor Jin Ying as his teacher.In his prime，Zhang Jingyue traveled extensively and returned to Shaoxing at the late age to practice medicine.He has successively published such works as The Classic of Kinesiology，the Classic of Kinesiology with Its Wings，the Classic of Kinesiology with its wings，the Classic of Kinesiology with its diagrams，doubting Records，and＜Jingyue Quanshu＞.
Zhang Jingyue made great academic achievements.Many researchers have elucidated his academic thoughts from various aspects.The research questions include：the theory of lifegate and the method of temperature-nourishing；Similarities and differences with Zhu Danxi；Elucidation of the basic theory of TCM；The creation and application of"New Way"；On the clinical treatment of various diseases，especially stroke，vertigo，dysentery，gynecology and other aspects；Medical easy to understand the philosophical thinking.All these contents have been absorbed into the teaching materials of basic and clinical TCM.
Due to the influence of Zhang Jingyue，some predecessors praised him as"the pillar of the medical door"（Zhang Nan's"Bang of the Medical Door"），and some praised him as"Master's contribution to the world is also great"（the Shi Kai Preface of"Doubting Records"），etc.，which shows his influence.However，some medical experts criticized Zhang Jingyue as a"sinner of the Xuan And Qi"（Yao Qiu's"Play of The Complete Works of King Yue"），or as a"sinner of Zhongjing"（Chen Xiuyuan's"Critic of King Yue"）.It is obviously inappropriate to make such indecent remarks due to different academic views.But it also shows that Zhang jingyue's academic innovation，will attract controversy.
As the saying goes，"judge people and judge the world".In order to inherit Zhang Jingyue's medical thought and medical culture in modern times，it is necessary to understand Zhang Jingyue's real thought and combine it with the general background of his era's ideological culture and medical academic development，so as to evaluate his academic innovation and achievements more completely.As a guide，this paper makes a brief comment on Zhang Jingyue's three"deepening"of TCM academic research for further discussion by his colleagues.
1.Pay attention to the warming up of True Yin and true Yang，deepen the connotation of TCM health medicine
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties，Huang Zongxi，a famous scholar，wrote a biography of Zhang Jingyue，in which he said，"This book by Jie Bin could not have been written without encountering the prosperity of The Divine Order."This sentence actually contains the profound intention of understanding Zhang Jingyue in combination with the social and historical background.
In recent years，many insightful people have pointed out that"health medicine"（combining prevention，health care，treatment and rehabilitation）will replace"disease medicine"（treating diseases alone）as the future medical model.At the same time，people also realize that the theoretical connotation of Traditional Chinese medicine is highly consistent with the concept of"health medicine"，and it will play an increasingly important role in the new medical model.As early as in huangdi Neijing，Chinese medicine attaches great importance to"preventing diseases"and puts forward the systematic idea of health preservation and prevention.However，in ancient society，except for officials and the rich，not many people had the conditions to pursue health.The general public was deeply troubled by various diseases.Therefore，the theory of"Jing Fang"represented by Treatise on c diseases has always occupied the mainstream of the medical field.At this time，"disease medicine"of tradiontional Chinese medicine was mainly developed.From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Tang and Song dynasties，doctors in the past dynasties have refined their medical skills and extensively collected prescriptions，making the clinical treatment system of traditional Chinese medicine reach a fairly high level.
In modern times，there are still many famous traditional Chinese medicine doctors advocating that clinical medicine should be learned from tang and Song Dynasties.
In contrast，there has been no significant progress in TCM health theory since huangdi Neijing.Many health care masters such as Sun Simiao and others hold the dominant thoughts of prevention and health care，such as"nourishing"and"saving"；Zhang Zihe puts forward that"nourishing medicine is better than nourishing food"；Zhu Danxi advocates health care，such as"Ru Dan"and"saving passion".All of these belong to passive health care.There is still a lack of clear theoretical guidance on how to actively improve health，and some people mistakenly use Daoist bait to supplement，bringing adverse consequences.
In the Ming Dynasty，when Zhang Jingyue lived，great changes took place in China's social economy.Some historians have pointed out that China's GDP at that time ranked first in the world.Town industrial and commercial prosperity，Ming when he ministers Li Xi said"grinding gold jade more than the husband of LeiSi，algal paint finishing more than negative for the battle，embroidered Xun color more than woven's wife".As the number of wealthy people increased，there was a broader demand for health care.
In this context，it is not difficult to see the value of Zhang Jingyue's main academic thought"True Yin true Yang"at that time.In understanding zhang's words，we should pay special attention to Zhang Jingyue's intention of using the word"zhen"before Yin and Yang.His"true Yin true Yang"is mainly refers to the human body healthy qi.Later generations criticized Zhang Jingyue for his emphasis on Yang alone，but Zhang Jingyue stressed，"If the words of death，life and death are gathered and dispersed，then all the life of blood are Yang."From the perspective of health medicine，the existence of life itself is"Yang"."Zhenyin and Zhenyang"are both components of the life foundation"yuan".Although they are divided into Yin and Yang due to different functions，they are all"Yang"in the aspect of"yuan".So Zhang Jingyue said，"Yang is not more than true Yin deficiency."Therefore，Zhu Danxi developed the theory of Yin deficiency from different aspects in view of the saying in Huangdi Neijing that"Yin qi is half of its body when it is forty years old".Zhang Jingyue pointed out that in this sentence"Yin，true Yin also"，"this Yin character，is the root of Yang qi"（"The diagram wing of the Class Classics"），also can be said to be a part of Yang，so that"Yin is Yang，especially easy to see also，this is"Yin qi from the half"is called"（"the class Classics"）.
Understanding the unique Angle of Zhang Jingyue's theory，it is natural to understand his theory of difference and partiality.On the level of"disease medicine"，Zhang Jingyue also paid attention to the opposition between Yin and Yang，such as heating with cold and driving out cold with heat.This has the same aspect with Zhu Dan xi and so on.Zhang Jingyue said，"If Yin and Yang are hot and cold，they cannot be separated.Cover cold like ice，hot like charcoal，charcoal not plan，xi Can not use？Yu therefore said：the essence of Yin and Yang can not be separated，cold and hot Yin and Yang can not be mixed.This is，as it were，a framework for distinguishing the medical concepts of health from those of disease.That is，health medicine is based on the human body.Although the essence of the human body is divided into Yin and Yang，they cannot be viewed separately.But the disease medicine is based on the pathogenesis，the pathogenesis of cold and heat should not be confused，need to treat disease syndrome differentiation.In fact，Zhang Jingyue's theory of true Yin and true Yang has important value in both medical models，but in the academic development history，it is more important to make an innovative explanation for the theory of health medicine.
Huang Zongxi，a famous scholar who wrote a biography of Zhang Jingyue，was able to see clearly the significance of Zhang Jingyue's theory at that time.He pointed out that"people who cure diseases are aware of the visible evil spirit，but do not care about the invisible vitality."Zhang Jingyue's theory can help to correct this problem.Of course，from the point of view of disease，if we do not correct the pathogenesis in time，but merely nourish the vitality，it will delay the disease.Zhang Jingyue makes a clear distinction.Chen Xiuyuan attacked Zhang Jingyue as"the first good hand in the kitchen and a bad hand in the medical treatment"，which was obviously biased and did not fully understand Zhang Jingyue's academic thoughts.
Zhang jingyue to meet the needs of society in Ming dynasty，perfect the relevant health and medical theory connotation of traditional Chinese medicine，for example，from the essence，qi，the relationship between the shape elucidates the significance of Yin and Yang as a foundation for health，indicating the initiative health preservation methods，emphasis on life，stress is given priority to with warm nourishing true Yin Yang，pay attention to the"Yin and Yang"，"Yin Yang"but not quite，etc.This is still of great value to the development of health medicine in modern society
2.Analyze the concept of Yi-yuan theory and deepen the methodology of TCM
In his article"Yi Yi of Medicine"，Zhang Jingyue discussed the relationship between the traditional classic"Zhouyi"and tradional Chinese medicine.The specific content is not discussed here，but we should pay special attention to the methodology in Zhang Jingyue's thought of"medical easy access".It's not just in some specific medical point of view，it's throughout his medical system.
Taking Zhang Jingyue's theory of"six changes of Yin and Yang"as an example，later generations believed that this theory laid the foundation for the differentiation of eight principles.In fact，if only refers to"Yin and Yang inside and outside the cold heat deficiency and solid"character，many doctors have mentioned earlier.For example，Tao Jie'an's Six Books on Typhoid fever and Secret of Typhoid Family（1445）said："Examine the cold and heat inside and outside of Yin and Yang，and review the method of reconciliation under perspiration，so as to cure common things without any mistake."Fang Yu in"Medical forest Line ink"（1584）said："Zhongjing cure typhoid fever，book 397 law，113 parties...However，the most important thing is that there is no outside Yin and Yang cold and hot，just eight."Zhang Sanxi's"Six Essentials of Medicine"（1609）also said："The family of Xi was a doctor，and he had been determined to be a doctor for more than 30 years.There were only eight ways for the ancients to cure diseases，namely Yin，Yang，Biao，Li，Cold，heat，deficiency and reality."This shows that the term"eight Persons"or"eight laws"has been widely used in this period.However，no one has systematically explained the theoretical connotation among the eight，so it cannot be elevated into the"eight cardinal guides"with universal meaning.
Zhang Jingyue discusses these characters in"Yin and Yang"and"Six Variants"in"Chuanzhong Lu of Jingyue Quanshu".Among them reflects three characteristics：one is the character has the level of division，Yin and Yang can be general inside and outside the cold heat virtual solid，that is，the so-called"two gang six changes".This relationship is actually more reasonable，indicating that Yin-Yang is a more advanced methodological program.This thought is obviously influenced by the thought of"two aspects and four images"in the Yi-ology theory.Second，this paper discusses the eight multiple dialectical relationship between，on the one hand"in the table and yeah，virtual and real right，to the cold and heat，and the six changes，the Yin and Yang，is the world of the disease，is not out of the eight"of the two relations between the two opposing，on the other hand it in and there is a mixed phase and relationship，therefore，Zhang jingyue pointed out that"Yin double Yang，Yang double have static，suspected，defendant must indeed"，and"not true and false"special circumstances，to enrich the content of the eight principles.The third is to elevate the figure of eight into an abstract"program"，which has the significance of methodology.The"Deficiency and Excess"in Jingyue Quanshu lists the combination of the deficiency and excess，the deficiency and excess，the cold and heat inside and outside of Yin and Yang as the eight basic syndromes，as well as the combination with the zang-fu organs，such as table solid，linshi solid，Yang solid，Yang deficiency，table deficiency，Linxu deficiency，Heart solid，heart deficiency，etc.，demonstrating the application table solid of the eight principles of differentiation.It includes the interpretation of the six classics of typhoid fever from the eight cardinal guides，such as："If there are Yin and Yang，then the three Yang are the Yang syndrome，and the three Yin are the Yin syndrome.If there is Yin and Yang，then real heat is Yang syndrome，and cold deficiency is Yin syndrome.The Yin and Yang of all classics，have cold have heat，reason Yang classics also has Yin card，Yin classics also has Yang card.There are false and true Yin and Yang of syndrome，so fever also has Yin syndrome，jue inversion also has Yang syndrome.This is the most important guideline in typhoid fever，not to be confused with."（Chuanzhong Lu，Jingyue Quanshu）explains that syndrome differentiation of eight cardinal principles can also be used as the basis of syndrome differentiation of six cardinal principles.
Zhang Jingyue's clear understanding of the two cardinal principles and six changes obviously benefited from his thinking and understanding of the hexagrams of Yi when he studied the Book of Changes.As a result of his discussion，the eight principles of syndrome differentiation has a precise and accurate connotation，which has been recognized by later medical scholars."Eight cardinal guides"is not only the concept of syndrome science，but also has methodological significance.It has become the basic program that can communicate various syndrome differentiation systems and theories of various schools.
3.Perform well in the classics and deepen the clinical understanding of TCM
Zhang Jingyue's books of the Classic of Kinesiology（the Classic of Kinesiology）were combined with the Classic of Simple Inquiry and The Spiritual Pivot.He has made great efforts in medical scripture.It is unconvincing to say that he does not revel in the classics.However，in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，under the influence of the thoughts of restoring ancient ways in Confucian classics，some Confucian doctors shifted the attitude of annotation to the medical field and demanded complete faith in texts such as Huangdi Neijing and Shennong Bencao Jing.Therefore，some criticism of Zhang Jingyue is biased against his innovative theory.
Zhang Jingyue made an in-depth study of the medicine and proposed that ginseng，ripe land，Aconite and rhubarb should be taken as the four dimensions of the medicine，corresponding to qi，blood，Yin and Yang respectively.This is the idea that absorbs the knowledge of later generations and refines it.However，Chen Xiuyuan adhered to the words of Shennong Ben Cao Jing，believing that rehmannia was listed in the top grade，which was a medicine for taking food rather than a medicine for curing diseases.He criticized Zhang Jingyue for his use of ripe soil.Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing contains ginseng"slightly cold"，so it is criticized that Li Shizhen，Zhang Jingyue and others said that"must be burned in this book".Most physicians are able to judge such arguments correctly from their practice.So Zhang's view is still widely Shared.
In addition，in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases，Zhang Jingyue can give full play to the classical connotation with flexible thinking and rich practice.For example，he put forward the theory of"non-wind of stroke"，which has a profound influence on the syndrome treatment of stroke.He said，"If people today have suffered a stroke，they may refer to the reverse of the Neijing as the wind，which has been delayed until now."This paper gives a reasonable explanation of the text in the classics，pointing out that"the syndrome of stroke is not the wind，even the so-called stroke syndrome"，and"it is believed that"the true Yin of the five zang-organs is injured first，which is the origin of the disease"，attaching importance to the pathogenesis of internal deficiency of stroke.To vertigo，he put forward the idea of"lower deficiency leads to dizziness"，and pointed out that"dazzle carries a syndrome，the deficiency occupies eight or nine of it，and also fire and phlegm，but only one or two ears"，"Although head dazzle belongs to the upper deficiency，it cannot be without affecting the lower...
Should complement its essence"，this is also to the scripture"the wind falls dazzle，all belong to the liver"breakthrough.If it is pointed out that the Neijing has only accumulated drinks and no phlegm，"why neijing is not the same"？"Phlegm is not the source of disease，and phlegm is only the ear of disease"（Jing Yue Quanshu）.So emphasis is placed on treating the source of phlegm.Such a theory of precision can be found everywhere in Jingyue Quanshu.It can be said that the true understanding of the classic after the elucidate.
Since the end of Ming Dynasty to nearly 400 years，Zhang Jingyue has been the focus of medical circles.For his original and profound academic thoughts，if the later generations do not study and think deeply，they may not be able to understand very well，leading to misunderstanding.Zhang Jingyue is convinced that his ideas are in line with the xuan Qi road，but also for the often groundless arguments and sigh.Therefore，he once expressed his deep feeling in the book"Jing Yue Quanshu"："There are no two or three rules of reasoning in the world.More than every desire to speak，not unaware of the reprisal，the most doubtful，then had to be its ugly，and a xuan Qi qi again，that I was a true zai.Taste of Mr Kang said：to the world dragon hand，willing to read the world non-holy books.Its feeling is deep，do not believe however！Don't you believe it！"
Many of Zhang Jingyue's profound academic thoughts have become the backbone of TCM theories，but there are still many more to be sorted out and explored.In order to carry forward the essence of Zhang Jingyue's academic thoughts，the study of his specific medical viewpoints，rules and experiences should be based on the accurate understanding and complete grasp of his academic thoughts.Therefore，to understand Zhang Jingyue's position in the academic history of Traditional Chinese medicine from three"deepening"is helpful to promote the comprehensive study of Zhang Jingyue.