参考文献
［1］Mashour GA，Moore LE，A.V，et al.Perioperative care of patients at high risk for stroke during or after non-cardiac，non-neurologic surgery［J］.J Neurosurg Anesthesiol，2014，26（4）：273-285.
［2］刘丝濛，岳云.非心血管非神经外科手术围手术期脑卒中［J］.临床麻醉学杂志，2016，32：298-302.
［3］Baba T，Goto T，Maekawa K，et al.Early neuropsychological dysfunction in elderly high-risk patients after on-pump and off-pump coronary bypass surgery［J］.J Anesth，2007，21（4）：452-458.
［4］Barber PA，Hach S，Tippett LJ，et al.Cerebral ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging are associated with neurocognitive decline after cardiac surgery［J］.Stroke，2008，39（5）：1427-1433.
［5］Bateman BT，Schumacher HC，Wang S，et al.Perioperative acute ischemic stroke in noncardiac and nonvascular surgery：incidence，risk factors，and outcome［sJ］.Anesthesiology，2009，110（2）：231-238.
［6］Mashour GA，Shanks AM，Kheterpal S.Perioperative stroke and associated mortality after noncardiac，nonneurologic surgery［J］.Anesthesiology，2011，114（6）：1289-1296.
［7］Selim M.Perioperative strok［eJ］.N Engl J Med，2007，356（7）：706-713.
［8］Landercasper J，Merz BJ，Cogbill T，et al.Perioperative stroke risk in 173 consecutive patients with a past history of strok［eJ］.Arch Surg，1990，125（8）：986-989.
［9］Likosky DS，Marrin CA，Caplan LR，et al.Determination of etiologic mechanisms of strokes secondary to coronary artery bypass graft surgery［J］.Stroke，2003，34（12）：2830-2834.
［10］Ko SB.Perioperative stroke：pathophysiology and managemen［tJ］.Korean J Anesthesiol，2018，71（1）：3-11.
［11］van Mook WN，Rennenberg RJ，Schurink GW，et al.Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrom［eJ］.Lancet Neurol，2005，4（12）：877-888.
［12］Kikura M，Bateman BT，Tanaka KA.Perioperative ischemic stroke in non-cardiovascular surgery patients［J］.J Anesth，2010，24（5）：733-738.
［13］Dua A，Romanelli M，Upchurch GR，et al.Predictors of poor outcome after carotid intervention［J］.J Vasc Surg，2016，64（3）：663-670.
［14］Howard VJ，Lutsep HL，Mackey A，et al.Influence of sex on outcomes of stenting versus endarterectomy：a subgroup analysis of the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial（CREST）［J］.Lancet Neurol，2011，10（6）：530-537.
［15］Shinton R，Beevers G.Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and strok［eJ］.BMJ，1989，298（6676）：789-794.
［16］Inoue R，Ohkubo T，Kikuya M，et al.Stroke risk of blood pressure indices determined by home blood pressure measurement：the Ohasama study［J］.Stroke，2009，40（8）：2859-2861.
［17］Kaatz S，Douketis JD，Zhou H，et al.Risk of stroke after surgery in patients with and without chronic atrial fibrillation［J］.J Thromb Haemost，2010，8（5）：884-890.
［18］Chimowitz MI，Lynn MJ，Howlett-Smith H，et al.Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosi［sJ］.N Engl J Med，2005，352（13）：1305-1316.
［19］Cheng DC，Bainbridge D，Martin JE，et al.Does off-pump coronary artery bypass reduce mortality，morbidity，and resource utilization when compared with conventional coronary artery bypass？A meta-analysis of randomized trial［sJ］.Anesthesiology，2005，102（1）：188-203.
［20］姜勇，李晓燕，胡楠，等.2004—2005 年中国居民脑血管病死亡流行病学特征［J］.中华预防医学杂志，2010，44：293-297.
［21］Douketis JD，Spyropoulos AC，Kaatz S，et al.Perioperative Bridging Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation［J］.N Engl J Med，2015，373（9）：823-833.
［22］Bangalore S，Wetterslev J，Pranesh S，et al.Perioperative beta blockers in patients having non-cardiac surgery：a meta-analysi［sJ］.Lancet，2008，372（9654）：1962-1976.
［23］Zuo ML，Liu S，Chan KH，et al.The CHADS2 and CHA 2DS 2-VASc scores predict new occurrence of atrial fibrillation and ischemic strok［eJ］.J Interv Card Electrophysiol，2013，37（1）：47-54.
［24］肖长波，王平凡，张力，等.高龄冠脉动脉旁路移植术患者41 例围手术期管理［J］.中国老年学杂志，2013，33：3461-3463.
［25］Gottesman RF，Hillis AE，Grega MA，et al.Early postoperative cognitive dysfunction and blood pressure during coronary artery bypass graft operation［J］.Arch Neurol，2007，64（8）：1111-1114.
［26］Martin KK，Wigginton JB，Babikian VL，et al.Intraoperative cerebral high-intensity transient signals and postoperative cognitive function：a systematic review［J］.Am J Surg，2009，197（1）：55-63.
［27］Miyazaki S，Yoshitani K，Miura N，et al.Risk factors of stroke and delirium after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery［J］.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg，2011，12（3）：379-383.
［28］Elovic E.Principles of pharmaceutical management of spastic hypertoni［aJ］.Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am，2001，12（4）：793-816，vii.
［29］Hassan AE，Chaudhry SA，Zacharatos H，et al.Increased rate of aspiration pneumonia and poor discharge outcome among acute ischemic stroke patients following intubation for endovascular treatmen［tJ］.Neurocrit Care，2012，16（2）：246-250.
［30］Jumaa MA，Zhang F，Ruiz-Ares G，et al.Comparison of safety and clinical and radiographic outcomes in endovascular acute stroke therapy for proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion with intubation and general anesthesia versus the nonintubated stat［eJ］.Stroke，2010，41（6）：1180-1184.
［31］Brekenfeld C，Mattle HP，Schroth G.General is better than local anesthesia during endovascular procedure［sJ］.Stroke，2010，41（11）：2716-2717.
［32］Lees KR，Bluhmki E，von Kummer R，et al.Time to treatment with intravenous alteplase and outcome in stroke：an updated pooled analysis of ECASS，ATLANTIS，NINDS，and EPITHET trial［sJ］.Lancet，2010，375（9727）：1695-1703.
［33］McDonagh DL，Olson DM，Kalia JS，et al.Anesthesia and Sedation Practices Among Neurointerventionalists during Acute Ischemic Stroke Endovascular Therapy［J］.Front Neurol，2010，1：118.
［34］王纪明，蔺建华，郭莉.不同麻醉方法对老年股骨手术患者围手术期卒中高危因素的影响［J］.中国实用神经疾病杂志，2015，15：64-66.
［35］Vasudeva P，Goel A，Sengottayan VK，et al.Antiplatelet drugs and the perioperative period：What every urologist needs to know［J］.Indian J Urol，2009，25（3）：296-301.
［36］Douketis JD.Perioperative anticoagulation management in patients who are receiving oral anticoagulant therapy：a practical guide for clinicians［J］.Thromb Res，2002，108（1）：3-13.
［37］Axelrod DA，Stanley JC，Upchurch GR，et al.Risk for stroke after elective noncarotid vascular surgery［J］.J Vasc Surg，2004，39（1）：67-72.
［38］Leira EC，Davis PH，Martin CO，et al.Improving prediction of outcome in“good grade”subarachnoid hemorrhage［J］.Neurosurgery，2007，61（3）：470-474.
［39］Egi M，Bellomo R，Stachowski E，et al.Hypoglycemia and outcome in critically ill patient［sJ］.Mayo Clin Proc，2010，85（3）：217-224.
［40］Engelhard K.Anaesthetic techniques to prevent perioperative strok［eJ］.Curr Opin Anaesthesiol，2013，26（3）：368-374.
［41］Rehni AK，Shri R，Singh M.Remote ischaemic preconditioning and prevention of cerebral injury［J］.Indian J Exp Biol，2007，45（3）：247-252.
［42］Zhao W，Meng R，Ma C，et al.Safety and Efficacy of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Patients With Severe Carotid Artery Stenosis Before Carotid Artery Stenting：A Proof-of-Concept，Randomized Controlled Tria［lJ］.Circulation，2017，135（14）：1325-1335.
［43］Shi ZS，Loh Y，Walker G，et al.Endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke in failed intravenous tissue plasminogen activator versus non-intravenous tissue plasminogen activator patients：revascularization and outcomes stratified by the site of arterial occlusion［sJ］.Stroke，2010，41（6）：1185-1192.
［44］Fukuda I，Gomi S，Meguro K，et al.Impact of immediate cerebral angiography for in-hospital cerebral thromboembolism after cardiovascular surgery［J］.Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg，2001，49（5）：282-286.
［45］Renner J，Scholz J，Bein B.Monitoring fluid therapy［J］.Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol，2009，23（2）：159-171.