参考文献
［1］Jauniaux E，Collins S，Burton GJ.Placenta accreta spectrum：pathophysiology and evidence-based anatomy for prenatal ultrasound imaging［J］.Am J Obstet Gynecol，2018，218（1）：75-87.
［2］Kayem G，Keita H.Management of placenta previa and accret［aJ］.J Gynecol Obst Bio R，2014，43（10）：1142-1160.
［3］Fuglsang K，Petersen LK.New local hemostatic treatment for postpartum hemorrhage caused by placenta previa at cesarean section［J］.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand，2010，89（10）：1346-1349.
［4］Sparic R，Mirkovic L，Ravilic U，et al.Obstetric complications of placenta previa percreta［J］.Vojnosanit Pregl，2014，71（12）：1163-1166.
［5］Mastrolia SA，Baumfeld Y，Loverro G，et al.Placenta previa associated with severe bleeding leading to hospitalization and delivery：a retrospective population-based cohort study［J］.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med，2016，29（21）：3467-3471.
［6］Yang Q，Wen SW，Phillips K，et al.Comparison of maternal risk factors between placental abruption and placenta previa［J］.Am J Perinatol，2009，26（4）：279-286.
［7］Abu-Heija AT，El-Jallad F，Ziadeh S.Placenta previa：effect of age，gravidity，parity and previous caesarean section［J］.Gynecol Obstet Invest，1999，47（1）：6-8.
［8］Liang-Kun M，Na N，Jian-Qiu Y，et al.Clinical analysis of placenta previa complicated with previous caesarean section［J］.Chin Med Sci J，2012，27（3）：129-133.
［9］Rosenberg T，Pariente G，Sergienko R，et al.Critical analysis of risk factors and outcome of placenta previa［J］.Arch Gynecol Obstet，2011，284（1）：47-51.
［10］Ananth CV，Savitz DA，Luther ER.Maternal cigarette smoking as a risk factor for placental abruption，placenta previa，and uterine bleeding in pregnancy［J］.Am J Epidemiol，1996，144（9）：881-889.
［11］Lodhi SK，Khanum Z，Watoo TH.Placenta previa：the role of ultrasound in assessment during third trimeste［rJ］.J Pak Med Assoc，2004，54（2）：81-83.
［12］Knauf S，Exner C，Hospes R，et al.Transabdominal ultrasonography as a monitoring tool for pregnancy in Alpine marmots（Marmota marmota）［J］.Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine：official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians，2009，40（4）：796-798.
［13］Orbach-Zinger S，Weiniger CF，Aviram A，et al.Anesthesia management of complete versus incomplete placenta previa：a retrospective cohort study［J］.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med，2018，31（9）：1171-1176.
［14］Heidari Z，Sakhavar N，Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H，et al.Stereological analysis of human placenta in cases of placenta previa in comparison with normally implanted control［sJ］.J Reprod Infertil，2015，16（2）：90-95.
［15］Kondoh E，Kawasaki K，Kawamura A，et al.Successful management of intraoperative hemorrhage from placenta previa accreta：intrauterine tamponade balloons brought out through the abdominal wal［lJ］.J Matern Fetal Neona，2014，27（3）：309-311.
［16］Chen M，Xie L.Clinical evaluation of balloon occlusion of the lower abdominal aorta in patients with placenta previa and previous cesarean section：A retrospective study on 43 case［sJ］.Int J Surg，2016，34：6-9.
［17］Sparic R，Mirkovic L，Ravilic U，et al.Obstetric complications of placenta previa percreta［J］.Vojnosanitetski pregled，2014，71（12）：1163-1166.
［18］Matsuoka K，Kawabata T，Yoza K.Anesthetic management of patients with placenta previa accreta for cesarean section：a 7-year single-center experienc［eJ］.Masui The Japanese journal of anesthesiology，2015，64（1）：70-76.
［19］Walker MG，Allen L，Windrim RC，et al.Multidisciplinary management of invasive placenta previ［aJ］.J Obstet Gynaecol Can，2013，35（5）：417-425.
［20］Kayem G，Keita H.Management of placenta previa and accreta.Prise en charge des placenta praevia et accreta［J］.J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod（Paris），2014，43（10）：1142-1160.
［21］Hull AD，Resnik R.Placenta accreta and postpartum hemorrhag［eJ］.Clin Obstet Gynecol，2010，53（1）：228-236.
［22］Dwyer BK，Belogolovkin V，Tran L，et al.Prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta：sonography or magnetic resonance imaging［J］？Journal of ultrasound in medicine：official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine，2008，27（9）：1275-1281.
［23］Hong JY，Jee YS，Yoon HJ，et al.Comparison of general and epidural anesthesia in elective cesarean section for placenta previa totalis：maternal hemodynamics，blood loss and neonatal outcom［eJ］.International journal of obstetric anesthesia，2003，12（1）：12-16.
［24］Furuta K，Tokunaga S，Furukawa S，et al.Acute and massive bleeding from placenta previa and infants' brain damag［eJ］.Early Hum Dev，2014，90（9）：455-458.
［25］Lee JW，Song IA，Ryu J，et al.Anesthetic management of a parturient with placenta previa totalis undergoing preventive uterine artery embolization before placental expulsion during cesarean delivery：a case report［J］.Korean journal of anesthesiology，2014，67（4）：279-282.
［26］Nagy CJ，Wheeler AS，Archer TL.Acute normovolemic hemodilution，intraoperative cell salvage and PulseCO hemodynamic monitoring in a Jehovah's Witness with placenta percret［aJ］.Int J Obstet Anesth，2008，17（2）：159-163.
［27］Nagashima M，Nagashima K，Endo A，et al.Anesthetic management for elective cesarean section due to placenta previa in a patient with moyamoya diseas［eJ］.Masui The Japanese journal of anesthesiology，2002，51（12）：1349-1351.
［28］Kato S，Tanabe A，Kanki K，et al.Local injection of vasopressin reduces the blood loss during cesarean section in placenta previ［aJ］.The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research，2014，40（5）：1249-1256.
［29］Peng Q，Zhang W.Uterine arterial embolization to assist induction of labor among patients with complete placenta previa［J］.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics：the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics，2015，130（2）：132-136.
［30］Kocaoglu N，Gunusen I，Karaman S，et al.Management of anesthesia for cesarean section in parturients with placenta previa with /without placenta accreta：A retrospective study［J］.Ginekologia Polska，2012，83（2）：99-103.
［31］Lam H，Pun TC，Lam PW.Successful conservative management of placenta previa accreta during cesarean section［J］.Int J Gynecol Obstet，2004，86（1）：31-32.
［32］Smith KA，Spielman FJ，Fecho K，et al.Management of parturients with placenta previa and accreta：A survey of soap members［J］.Anesthesiology，2007，106（5）：B78.