九、结论
以证据了解法律,是美国和欧洲法律的一个重要的新趋势。它的基本思想当然延伸到所有的法律制度,无论它们是否像美国那样以普通法为基础,还是像欧洲大陆那样以立法为基础,或者是混合模式。此时,这种实证主义大多涉及实证研究方法的非理论适用。
本文认为,依赖证据的一个更被忽视的方面,是使用社会科学的理论模式来定义实证主义产生问题的范围。这种方法使社会科学能够扩大法律运作的框架。它在那些被识别为重要的因素(但目前被最小化的因素)方面做出了重要贡献。而且,它提供了一种方法来检验那些基于理论的论点。
(编辑:吴冬兴)
【注释】
[1]汤姆·R.泰勒(Tom R.Tyler),美国耶鲁大学法学院教授,原文发表在Utrecht Law Review(2017)13,pp.130-141,本文已获得作者中文翻译授权。
[2]赵宝,男,安徽淮南人,华东政法大学博士研究生,研究方向为比较法、法律史。地址:上海市普陀区光复西路1433号,邮编:2000333,联系方式:15221517835,邮箱:15221517835@163.com。
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[5]Ibid.
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[14]T.R.Tyler et al.,‘Street stops and police legitimacy’,(2014)11 Journal ofEmpirical Legal Studies,no.4,pp.751-785;T.R.Tyler&J.Jackson,‘Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority:Motivating compliance,cooperation and engagement’,(2014)20 Psychology,Public Policy,and Law,no.1,pp.78-95.
[15]T.R.Tyler,Why people obey the law(2006);T.R.Tyler,‘Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation’,(2006)57 Annual Review ofPsychology,pp.375-400.
[16]T.R.Tyler,‘Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation’,(2006)57 Annual Review of Psychology,pp.375-400.
[17]T.R.Tyler&J.Jackson,‘Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority:Motivating compliance,cooperation and engagement’,(2014)20 Psychology,Public Policy,and Law,no.1,pp.78-95.
[18]T.R.Tyler et al.,‘The impact of psychological science on policing in the United States:Procedural justice,legitimacy,and effective law enforcement’,(2015)16 Psychological Science in the Public Interest,no.3,pp.75-109.
[19]T.R.Tyler,Why people obey the law(2006);T.R.Tyler,‘Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation’,(2006)57 Annual Review ofPsychology,pp.375-400.
[20]T.R.Tyler,Why people obey the law(2006).
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[27]T.R.Tyler et al.,‘The impact of psychological science on policing in the United States:Procedural justice,legitimacy,and effective law enforcement’,(2015)16 Psychological Science in the Public Interest,no.3,pp.75-109.(https://www.daowen.com)
[28]T.R.Tyler,Why people obey the law(2006).
[29]T.R.Tyler&J.Jackson,‘Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority:Motivating compliance,co-operation and engagement’,(2014)20 Psychology,Public Policy,and Law,no.1,pp.78-95.
[30]See ibid.,formethodological details about this study.
[31]T.R.Tyler&Y.J.Huo,Trust in the law(2002).
[32]T.R.Tyler,Why people obey the law(2006).
[33]T.R.Tyler&J.Fagan,‘Why do people cooperatew ith the police?’,(2008)6 Ohio State Journal ofCriminalLaw,no.1,pp.231-275.T.R.Tyler&J.Jackson,‘Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority:Motivating compliance,cooperation and engagement’,(2014)20 Psychology,Public Policy,and Law,no.1,pp.78-95.
[34]T.R.Tyler&J.Jackson,‘Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority:Motivating compliance,co-operation and engagement’,(2014)20 Psychology,Public Policy,and Law,no.1,pp.78-95.
[35]T.R.Tyler,‘Reducing corporate criminality:the role of values’,(2014)51 American Criminal law Review,pp.267-292.
[36]T.R.Tyler&S.L.Blader,‘Can businesses effectively regulate employee conduct?:The antecedents of rulefollow ing in work settings’,(2005)48 Academy ofManagement Journal,pp.1143-1158.
[37]T.R.Tyler,Why people cooperate:The role of socialmotivations(2011).
[38]See ibid.,for details about this research.
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[40]T.R.Tyler&S.L.Blader,‘Can businesses effectively regulate employee conduct?:The antecedents of rulefollow ing in work settings’,(2005)48 Academy ofManagement Journal,pp.1143-1158.
[41]This analysis utilized regression analysis.The question asked is how much variance in a criterion or dependentvariable was explained by one cluster of variances once the influence of the other clusterwas taken into account.This is the distinct or unique contribution of that cluster to explaining the dependent variable.
[42]L.K.Trevino et al.,‘Managing ethics and legal compliance:Whatworks and what hurts’,(1999)41 California Management Review,no.2,pp.131-151.
[43]T.R.Tyler&J.Jackson,‘Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority:Motivating compliance,co-operation and engagement’,(2014)20 Psychology,Public Policy,and Law,no.1,pp.78-95.
[44]Ibid.
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[53]I.Feygina et al.,‘System justification,the denial of globalwarming,and the possibility of system sanctioned
[54]T.R.Tyler,Psychology and the design of legal institutions(2007).
[55]T.R.Tyler,‘Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation’,(2006)57 Annual Review of Psy-chology,pp.375-400.
[56]T.R.Tyler et al.,‘The impact of psychological science on policing in the United States:Procedural justice, legitimacy,and effective law enforcement’,(2015)16 Psychological Science in the Public Interest,no.3,pp.75-109.
[57]T.R.Tyler,Why people obey the law(2006);T.R.Tyler,‘Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and le-gitimation’,(2006)57 Annual Review ofPsychology,pp.375-400.
[58]J.Thibaut&L.Walker,Procedural justice(1975).