二、胸 腰 椎
在上胸椎进行椎板切除减压后,由于有胸廓的支撑而对其稳定性影响不大,但在胸腰联合处进行椎板切除,将影响脊柱的稳定性,可产生脊柱的后凸畸形。
在腰椎,单侧的关节突切除,几乎使整个轴向载荷移向椎间盘,并使旋转活动度增加了49%,因而造成脊柱的不稳。双侧关节突切除能使旋转活动度增加200%、屈曲活动增加63%、后伸增加77%。部分关节突切除可使旋转活动增加10%~15%、屈曲活动增加48%。因此,在后路减压手术中,关节突切除对腰椎的影响最大。在脊柱融合方面,后外侧融合优于后方融合,椎间融合能使载荷共享从而降低了后方内固定的应力。
近年来伴随着各种脊柱内固定器械系统的临床应用,使脊柱外科得以迅速发展。应用内固定维持脊柱的稳定性主要取决于椎弓根钉、椎板钩和骨组织的强度。Coe等的试验证明,椎板钩的破坏极限载荷很高(646N),而且与骨质密度无关,而椎弓根螺钉和棘突钢丝的极限载荷与骨密度有明显的关系,其相关系数在0.37~0.48的范围内。于椎弓根钉固定强度有关的另一因素是螺钉的直径,直径越大,其拔出强度越高。Krag报道,螺钉向内侧成角可增加螺钉的拔出强度。Lim等在试验中证明,在椎弓根螺钉系统中使用横向连杆后,轴向旋转稳定性增强,而承受其他类型载荷时的稳定性无明显变化。
椎间融合器的应用缩短了病人的康复过程。其在强度上优于各种骨移植块。但单纯应用并不能达到正常的脊柱稳定程度。Ra-thonyi等认为采用BAK有助于腰椎的屈曲和侧屈的稳定,如要维持腰椎的伸展和旋转稳定仍需辅以后方的内固定。
(刘保卫)
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