(七)阴茎转移癌

(七)阴茎转移癌

阴茎转移性肿瘤较少见,90年代文献报道大约300例(Belville and Cohen,1992)。它们如此少见使人有点迷惑,人们认为阴茎丰富的血供和淋巴,且又与肿瘤常发的区域,如膀胱、前列腺和直肠非常接近。这三个器官也正是阴茎转移癌主要的肿瘤原发部位(Abeshouse and Abeshouse,1961)。最可能的传播途径是直接浸润、静脉反流和淋巴转移及动脉栓塞。阴茎转移的其他来源来自胃肠道、睾丸和肾(Belville and Cohen,1992)。

阴茎转移癌最常见的症状是阴茎异常勃起,阴茎肿胀、结节和溃疡也有报道(Mccrea and Tobias,1958;Abeshouse and Alehouse,1961;Weitzner,1971)。尿道梗阻和血尿也可能发生。转移性的阴茎病变最常见的组织学特征是1个或2个阴茎海绵体受侵犯,这就可以解释常常发生阴茎异常勃起的原因。孤立的包皮和阴茎头的沉着物更为少见。

鉴别诊断包括特发性阴茎异常勃起、性病、其他感染性溃疡、结核、Peyronie斑块及原发的良性或恶性肿瘤。

阴茎转移病变表明恶性疾病的进展,且在发现和治疗原发病变后很快出现(Abeshouse and Abeshouse,1961,Hayes Young,1967;Mukhamel et al,1987)。很少见的情况下,原发病变的治疗与阴茎转移病变的出现之间间隔了很长时间(Abeshouse and Abeshouse,1961),或者阴茎病变的发生作为最初的和仅有的转移部位。在17例阴茎转移患者中,有14例患者死于疾病转移,诊断为阴茎转移后平均存活5个月(Chaux et al,2011)。

因为阴茎转移癌与疾病进展有关,所以发生后的生存时间很有限,大部分患者1年内死亡(Robey and Schellhammer,1984;Mukhamel et al,1987;Fischer and Patrick,1999)。在孤立性结节或局部的阴茎远端病变的病例,如果通过部分阴茎切除能够完全切除整个恶变区域,那么偶尔有可能会取得有效的治疗(Spaulding and Whitmore,1978)。如果近端海绵体受到浸润,那么手术治疗的效果非常有限。偶尔,在其他方法缓解顽固性疼痛失败后,可以行阴茎切除(Mukhamel et al,1987)。疼痛也可通过切除阴茎背神经来控制(Hil and Khalid,1988)。放疗常常是无效的;化疗还未应用于足够的病例来提供肯定的推荐。

要点:非鳞状细胞恶性肿瘤

•基底细胞癌是一种高度可治愈的病变,转移性相对较低。

•肉瘤易于局部复发;局部和远处转移罕见。浅表病变可以通过局部手术治疗。

•黑色素瘤是一种侵袭性的癌症,但如果能早期诊断并通过适当的手术治疗,可以治愈。

•EMPD最初通过表皮内扩散传播。可选择广泛的局部切除以达到阴性切缘来治疗。侵袭性EMPD可能是致命的。

•阴茎转移癌最常表现为从临床明显存在的原发肿瘤扩散。预后差,治疗应以原发肿瘤及局部缓解为主。

参考文献

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(张卫星 贾东辉 编译 陈慧兴 赵福军田 龙 周 梁 田汝辉 李 铮 审校)